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Jul 16, 2010, 1:32:53 PM7/16/10
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection - Topic Overview
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Topic Overview
From Healthwise
What is HIV? What is AIDS?
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system
, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the
body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it
causes are called HIV.
White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV invades
and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+
cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against infection.
The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4+ cells and get
infections or cancers that rarely occur in healthy people. These can be
deadly.
But having HIV does not mean you have AIDS. Even without treatment, it takes
a long time for HIV to progress to AIDS-usually 10 to 12 years. If HIV is
diagnosed before it becomes AIDS, medicines can slow or stop the damage to
the immune system. With treatment, many people with HIV are able to live
long and active lives.
What causes HIV?
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. You can get HIV
from contact with infected blood, semen , or vaginal fluids.
. Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with someone who has
HIV.
. Another common way of getting the virus is by sharing drug needles with
someone who is infected with HIV.
. The virus can also be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy,
birth, or breast-feeding.
HIV doesn't survive well outside the body. So it cannot be spread by casual
contact such as kissing or sharing drinking glasses with an infected person.
What are the symptoms?
HIV may not cause symptoms early on. People who do have symptoms may mistake
them for the flu or mono. Common early symptoms include:
. Fever.
. Sore throat.
. Headache.
. Muscle aches and joint pain.
. Swollen glands (swollen lymph nodes ).
. Skin rash.
Symptoms may appear from a few days to several weeks after a person is first
infected. The early symptoms usually go away within 2 to 3 weeks.
After the early symptoms go away, an infected person may not have symptoms
again for many years. Without treatment, the virus continues to grow in the
body and attack the immune system. After a certain point, symptoms reappear
and then remain. These symptoms usually include:
. Swollen lymph nodes.
. Extreme tiredness.
. Weight loss.
. Fever.
. Night sweats.
A doctor may suspect HIV if these symptoms last and no other cause can be
found.
Treatment usually keeps the virus under control and helps the immune system
stay healthy.
How is HIV diagnosed?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved tests that detect
HIV antibodies in urine, fluid from the mouth (oral fluid), or blood. If a
test on urine or oral fluid shows that you are infected with HIV, you will
probably need a blood test to confirm the results. If you have been exposed
to HIV, your immune system will make antibodies to try to destroy the virus.
Blood tests can find these antibodies in your blood.
Most doctors use two blood tests, called the ELISA and the Western blot
assay. If the first ELISA is positive (meaning that HIV antibodies are
found), the blood sample is tested again. If the second test is positive,
the doctor will do a Western blot to be sure.
It may take as long as 6 months for HIV antibodies to show up in a blood
sample. If you think you have been exposed to HIV but you test negative for
it:
. Get tested again in 6 months to be sure you are not infected.
. Meanwhile, take steps to prevent the spread of the virus. If you are
infected, you can still pass HIV to another person during this time.
Some people are afraid to be tested for HIV. But if there is any chance you
could be infected, it is very important to find out. HIV can be treated.
Getting early treatment can slow down the virus and help you stay healthy.
And you need to know if you are infected so you can prevent spreading the
infection to other people.
You can get HIV testing in most doctors' offices, public health clinics,
hospitals, and Planned Parenthood clinics. You can also buy a home HIV test
kit in a drugstore or by mail order. But be very careful to choose only a
test that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
If a home test is positive, see a doctor to have the result confirmed and to
find out what to do next.
How is it treated?
The standard treatment for HIV is a combination of medicines called highly
active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Antiretroviral medicines slow the
rate at which the virus multiplies. Taking these medicines can reduce the
amount of virus in your body and help you stay healthy.
It may not be easy to decide the best time to start treatment. There are
pros and cons to taking HAART before you have symptoms. Discuss these with
your doctor so you understand your choices.
To monitor the HIV infection and its effect on your immune system, a doctor
will do two tests:
. Viral load, which shows the amount of virus in your blood.
. CD4+ cell count, which shows how well your immune system is working.
If you have no symptoms and your CD4+ cell count is at a healthy level, you
may not need treatment yet. Your doctor will repeat the tests on a regular
basis to see how you are doing. If you have symptoms, you should consider
starting treatment, whatever your CD4+ count is.
After you start treatment, it is important to take your medicines exactly as
directed by your doctor. When treatment doesn't work, it is often because
HIV has become resistant to the medicine. This can happen if you don't take
your medicines correctly. Ask your doctor if you have questions about your
treatment.
Treatment has become much easier to follow over the past few years. New
combination medicines include two or three different medicines in one pill.
Many people with HIV get the treatment they need by taking just one or two
pills a day.
To stay as healthy as possible during treatment:
. Don't smoke. People with HIV are more likely to have a heart attack or get
lung cancer. 1 , 2 Smoking can increase these risks even more.
. Eat a healthy, balanced diet to keep your immune system strong.
. Get regular exercise to reduce stress and improve the quality of your
life.
. Don't use illegal drugs, and limit your use of alcohol.
Learn all you can about HIV so you can take an active role in your
treatment. Your doctor can help you understand HIV and how best to treat it.
Also, consider joining an HIV support group. Support groups can be a great
place to share information and emotions about HIV infection.
How can you prevent HIV?
HIV can be spread by people who don't know they are infected. To protect
yourself and others:
. Practice safe sex. Use a condom every time you have sex (including oral
sex) until you are sure you and your partner are not infected with HIV.
. Don't have more than one sex partner at a time. The safest sex is with one
partner who has sex only with you.
. Talk to your partner before you have sex the first time. Find out if he or
she is at risk for HIV. Get tested together and retested 6 months later. Use
condoms in the meantime.
. Don't drink a lot of alcohol or use illegal drugs before sex. You might
let down your guard and not practice safe sex.
. Don't share personal items, such as toothbrushes or razors.
. Never share needles or syringes with anyone.
Frequently Asked Questions
Learning about HIV: . What is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?
. What causes HIV?
. What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
. What are the symptoms of HIV?
. Can I prevent HIV?
. What increases my risk for developing HIV?
. Who is affected by HIV and AIDS?
. Can a test find HIV infection early?
SHARE:FacebookTwitterEmail
Related links:
More In-Depth Information
Prevention
Home Treatment
Medications
Surgery
Other Treatment
Other Places To Get Help
Related Information
References
Credits
Topic Overview
Health Tools
Cause
Symptoms
What Happens
What Increases Your Risk
When To Call a Doctor
Exams and Tests
Treatment Overview
Topic Overview
From Healthwise
What is HIV? What is AIDS?
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system
, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the
body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it
causes are called HIV.
White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV invades
and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+
cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against infection.
The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4+ cells and get
infections or cancers that rarely occur in healthy people. These can be
deadly.
But having HIV does not mean you have AIDS. Even without treatment, it takes
a long time for HIV to progress to AIDS-usually 10 to 12 years. If HIV is
diagnosed before it becomes AIDS, medicines can slow or stop the damage to
the immune system. With treatment, many people with HIV are able to live
long and active lives.
What causes HIV?
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. You can get HIV
from contact with infected blood, semen , or vaginal fluids.
. Most people get the virus by having unprotected sex with someone who has
HIV.
. Another common way of getting the virus is by sharing drug needles with
someone who is infected with HIV.
. The virus can also be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy,
birth, or breast-feeding.
HIV doesn't survive well outside the body. So it cannot be spread by casual
contact such as kissing or sharing drinking glasses with an infected person.
What are the symptoms?
HIV may not cause symptoms early on. People who do have symptoms may mistake
them for the flu or mono. Common early symptoms include:
. Fever.
. Sore throat.
. Headache.
. Muscle aches and joint pain.
. Swollen glands (swollen lymph nodes ).
. Skin rash.
Symptoms may appear from a few days to several weeks after a person is first
infected. The early symptoms usually go away within 2 to 3 weeks.
After the early symptoms go away, an infected person may not have symptoms
again for many years. Without treatment, the virus continues to grow in the
body and attack the immune system. After a certain point, symptoms reappear
and then remain. These symptoms usually include:
. Swollen lymph nodes.
. Extreme tiredness.
. Weight loss.
. Fever.
. Night sweats.
A doctor may suspect HIV if these symptoms last and no other cause can be
found.
Treatment usually keeps the virus under control and helps the immune system
stay healthy.
How is HIV diagnosed?
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved tests that detect
HIV antibodies in urine, fluid from the mouth (oral fluid), or blood. If a
test on urine or oral fluid shows that you are infected with HIV, you will
probably need a blood test to confirm the results. If you have been exposed
to HIV, your immune system will make antibodies to try to destroy the virus.
Blood tests can find these antibodies in your blood.
Most doctors use two blood tests, called the ELISA and the Western blot
assay. If the first ELISA is positive (meaning that HIV antibodies are
found), the blood sample is tested again. If the second test is positive,
the doctor will do a Western blot to be sure.
It may take as long as 6 months for HIV antibodies to show up in a blood
sample. If you think you have been exposed to HIV but you test negative for
it:
. Get tested again in 6 months to be sure you are not infected.
. Meanwhile, take steps to prevent the spread of the virus. If you are
infected, you can still pass HIV to another person during this time.
Some people are afraid to be tested for HIV. But if there is any chance you
could be infected, it is very important to find out. HIV can be treated.
Getting early treatment can slow down the virus and help you stay healthy.
And you need to know if you are infected so you can prevent spreading the
infection to other people.
You can get HIV testing in most doctors' offices, public health clinics,
hospitals, and Planned Parenthood clinics. You can also buy a home HIV test
kit in a drugstore or by mail order. But be very careful to choose only a
test that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
If a home test is positive, see a doctor to have the result confirmed and to
find out what to do next.
How is it treated?
The standard treatment for HIV is a combination of medicines called highly
active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Antiretroviral medicines slow the
rate at which the virus multiplies. Taking these medicines can reduce the
amount of virus in your body and help you stay healthy.
It may not be easy to decide the best time to start treatment. There are
pros and cons to taking HAART before you have symptoms. Discuss these with
your doctor so you understand your choices.
To monitor the HIV infection and its effect on your immune system, a doctor
will do two tests:
. Viral load, which shows the amount of virus in your blood.
. CD4+ cell count, which shows how well your immune system is working.
If you have no symptoms and your CD4+ cell count is at a healthy level, you
may not need treatment yet. Your doctor will repeat the tests on a regular
basis to see how you are doing. If you have symptoms, you should consider
starting treatment, whatever your CD4+ count is.
After you start treatment, it is important to take your medicines exactly as
directed by your doctor. When treatment doesn't work, it is often because
HIV has become resistant to the medicine. This can happen if you don't take
your medicines correctly. Ask your doctor if you have questions about your
treatment.
Treatment has become much easier to follow over the past few years. New
combination medicines include two or three different medicines in one pill.
Many people with HIV get the treatment they need by taking just one or two
pills a day.
To stay as healthy as possible during treatment:
. Don't smoke. People with HIV are more likely to have a heart attack or get
lung cancer. 1 , 2 Smoking can increase these risks even more.
. Eat a healthy, balanced diet to keep your immune system strong.
. Get regular exercise to reduce stress and improve the quality of your
life.
. Don't use illegal drugs, and limit your use of alcohol.
Learn all you can about HIV so you can take an active role in your
treatment. Your doctor can help you understand HIV and how best to treat it.
Also, consider joining an HIV support group. Support groups can be a great
place to share information and emotions about HIV infection.
How can you prevent HIV?
HIV can be spread by people who don't know they are infected. To protect
yourself and others:
. Practice safe sex. Use a condom every time you have sex (including oral
sex) until you are sure you and your partner are not infected with HIV.
. Don't have more than one sex partner at a time. The safest sex is with one
partner who has sex only with you.
. Talk to your partner before you have sex the first time. Find out if he or
she is at risk for HIV. Get tested together and retested 6 months later. Use
condoms in the meantime.
. Don't drink a lot of alcohol or use illegal drugs before sex. You might
let down your guard and not practice safe sex.
. Don't share personal items, such as toothbrushes or razors.
. Never share needles or syringes with anyone.
Frequently Asked Questions
Learning about HIV: . What is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection?
. What causes HIV?
. What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
. What are the symptoms of HIV?
. Can I prevent HIV?
. What increases my risk for developing HIV?
. Who is affected by HIV and AIDS?
. Can a test find HIV infection early?
Being diagnosed: . How is HIV diagnosed?
. Who can diagnose HIV?
Getting treatment: . How is HIV treated?
. What is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?
. Should I start antiretroviral medicines for HIV infection even though I
have no symptoms?
Living with HIV: . What steps can I take to maintain my health?
. When should I call a doctor?
. How can I learn to take antiretroviral therapy for HIV on schedule?
. What do I need to know about caring for my loved one with HIV?
Author: Maria G. Essig, MS, ELS
Last Updated: April 10, 2009
Medical Review: Caroline S. Rhoads, MD - Internal Medicine
Peter Shalit, MD, PhD - Internal Medicine
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Last updated 2010-05-25
See this article at MSN Health & Fitness
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