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Unwinding a loop: why can't .NET add 1 + 2 + 3 ... ?

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Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 12:42:21 PM10/17/03
to
Take some standard code such as shown below. It simply loops to add up a
series of terms and it produces the correct result.

// sum numbers with a loop
public int DoSumLooping(int iterations)
{
int result = 0;
for(int i = 1;i <=iterations;i++)
{
result += i;
}
return result;
}

Now translate this into a specific solution that doesn't use looping (and
use the same value for the number of iterations the loop performs). This
code returns an incorrect result. The method consists entirely of a very
straightforward code statement, but in this case .NET adds the numbers
incorrectly.
public double ComputeSum( )
{
// Brute force sum method
// For iterations == 10000
double sum = 0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+ ...
+ 9997+ 9998+ 9999+ 10000;
return sum;
}
The above method returns an incorrect result with any number of terms above
about 200. It will correctly add 1 + 2 + ... + 200, but it will NOT
correctly add 1 + 2 + ... + 1000.

I have just run across this, and I have not yet researched the possible
reasons for this behavior. It may be a known issue related to either stack
size or the length of a code line, but to my knowledge it hasn't been
discussed in any of the "popular" literature on C# and .NET. I need to write
code like this, so if anyone has already encountered this issue, please
advise me.


Here's another example that also creates problems, but of a somewhat
different nature. Take the following code and translate it into a specific,
non-looping method and try to execute it using reflection. It fails.

public double LoopToCompute()
{
double sumOfProducts = 0;
double grandTotal = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < maxRows; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < maxCols; ++j)
{
sumOfProducts += coeff[j] * table[i][j];
}
a_point[i] = sumOfProducts;
grandTotal += sumOfProducts;
sumOfProducts = 0;
}
return grandTotal;
}//LoopToCompute

The above code works -- but it's equivalent code with loops unrolled (shown
below) doesn't work unless the maxRows is set very small. For small values,
the 2 methods (above and below) produce identical results. There is nothing
"wrong" with the code in that sense. It's similar to the above situation. If
the "size" of the code statement or the number of code statements is too
large, .NET fails. In this case (using reflection) it doesn't return the
incorrect result, as the first example did. In this case, reflection calls
it an invalid program and refuses to run it (but only when the value of
maxRows is above about 250). The reason for this is probably
straightforward. However, I have the need to make statements like this for
performance reasons so I need a work-around. Any suggestions are
appreciated! All comments are appreciated.

public double DoBruteForceCompute()
{
double bruteForceSum = 0;

point1=coeff1*table[0][0] +coeff2*table[0][1] +coeff3*table[0][2]
+coeff4*table[0][3] +coeff5*table[0][4] +coeff6*table[0][5]
+coeff7*table[0][6] +coeff8*table[0][7] +coeff9*table[0][8]
+coeff10*table[0][9] +coeff11*table[0][10] +coeff12*table[0][11]
+coeff13*table[0][12] +coeff14*table[0][13] +coeff15*table[0][14]
+coeff16*table[0][15] +coeff17*table[0][16] +coeff18*table[0][17]
+coeff19*table[0][18] +coeff20*table[0][19] +coeff21*table[0][20]
+coeff22*table[0][21] +coeff23*table[0][22] +coeff24*table[0][23]
+coeff25*table[0][24] +coeff26*table[0][25] +coeff27*table[0][26]
+coeff28*table[0][27] +coeff29*table[0][28] +coeff30*table[0][29]
+coeff31*table[0][30] +coeff32*table[0][31] +coeff33*table[0][32]
+coeff34*table[0][33] +coeff35*table[0][34] ;

point2=coeff1*table[1][0] +coeff2*table[1][1] +coeff3*table[1][2]
+coeff4*table[1][3] +coeff5*table[1][4] +coeff6*table[1][5]
+coeff7*table[1][6] +coeff8*table[1][7] +coeff9*table[1][8]
+coeff10*table[1][9] +coeff11*table[1][10] +coeff12*table[1][11]
+coeff13*table[1][12] +coeff14*table[1][13] +coeff15*table[1][14]
+coeff16*table[1][15] +coeff17*table[1][16] +coeff18*table[1][17]
+coeff19*table[1][18] +coeff20*table[1][19] +coeff21*table[1][20]
+coeff22*table[1][21] +coeff23*table[1][22] +coeff24*table[1][23]
+coeff25*table[1][24] +coeff26*table[1][25] +coeff27*table[1][26]
+coeff28*table[1][27] +coeff29*table[1][28] +coeff30*table[1][29]
+coeff31*table[1][30] +coeff32*table[1][31] +coeff33*table[1][32]
+coeff34*table[1][33] +coeff35*table[1][34] ;


[...]

point500=coeff1*table[499][0] +coeff2*table[499][1] +coeff3*table[499][2]
+coeff4*table[499][3] +coeff5*table[499][4] +coeff6*table[499][5]
+coeff7*table[499][6] +coeff8*table[499][7] +coeff9*table[499][8]
+coeff10*table[499][9] +coeff11*table[499][10] +coeff12*table[499][11]
+coeff13*table[499][12] +coeff14*table[499][13] +coeff15*table[499][14]
+coeff16*table[499][15] +coeff17*table[499][16] +coeff18*table[499][17]
+coeff19*table[499][18] +coeff20*table[499][19] +coeff21*table[499][20]
+coeff22*table[499][21] +coeff23*table[499][22] +coeff24*table[499][23]
+coeff25*table[499][24] +coeff26*table[499][25] +coeff27*table[499][26]
+coeff28*table[499][27] +coeff29*table[499][28] +coeff30*table[499][29]
+coeff31*table[499][30] +coeff32*table[499][31] +coeff33*table[499][32]
+coeff34*table[499][33] +coeff35*table[499][34] ;

bruteForceSum =
point1 +
point2 + ... +

point499 +
point500
;

return bruteForceSum;

}//DoBruteForceCompute


100

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:08:08 PM10/17/03
to
You use variables of diferent type for the result.

result is *int*


> // sum numbers with a loop
> public int DoSumLooping(int iterations)
> {
> int result = 0;
> for(int i = 1;i <=iterations;i++)
> {
> result += i;
> }
> return result;
> }

> public double ComputeSum( )


> {
> // Brute force sum method
> // For iterations == 10000
> double sum = 0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+
...
> + 9997+ 9998+ 9999+ 10000;
> return sum;
> }

result is *double*

Can it be de reason for the different results?

B\rgds
100


William Ryan

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:11:45 PM10/17/03
to
I just did it going with 200 Hard coded ints, then 390, then 300. Each time
I got the correct results. Are you positive of the input numbers? I know
that's a stupid question, but I first did each one by loading them into an
Int Array and adding them like that. It worked. Then I actually used
straight hard coding, and I used the number 10 each time and added 100000 to
the last one for good measure (just to make sure the value I had was
similarly high). No problems whatsoever. Inasmuch as you can load those
values in an array and iterate it successfully, couldn't you just load the
array and use an iterative approach? I understand that's what you are
asking about...why should you have to do this, but it's probably easier than
verifying the math each time when you know it will work. If I can find
anything, I'll repost.

HTH,

Bill
"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message
news:NZUjb.795942$YN5.793228@sccrnsc01...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:12:58 PM10/17/03
to
That's not the issue -- the return type doesn't affect the issue I'm
describing, and if you read my post you would have noticed that I said I had
validated that the results were identical for small problems. It's only when
the problem is large that the answers are different (and it is not a
rounding issue). The answers become vastly different -- by orders of
magnitude.

"100" <1...@100.com> wrote in message
news:OJJ37BN...@TK2MSFTNGP11.phx.gbl...

William Ryan

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:16:09 PM10/17/03
to
I thought that it might be the problem too and I tried it both ways. Since
I didn't test with decimals (it looks like his case, he didn't have any
decimals) the only difference was the .0 at the end of it if I declared it
as double.

I suspect that there may be decimals in there b/c it sure seems that if you
iterate with a loop, you should get the same numbers.

"100" <1...@100.com> wrote in message
news:OJJ37BN...@TK2MSFTNGP11.phx.gbl...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:17:14 PM10/17/03
to
Yes, I'm positive. I will post the exact code. Here is the test anyone can
do:
1. paste this code, compile and run. Check the result.
2. Use Excel and do the same thing and compare the result. In Excel, simply
enter 1 on row 1 and 2 on row 2, then copy down to 10000 (or whatever size
you wish). Then use the sum function to get the sum. You will see that the
C# code is vastly in error.

Here's the code (sorry, but it's long):
public double ComputeSum( )

{

// Brute force sum method

// For value = 10000

double sum = 0+ 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9+ 10+ 11+ 12+ 13+ 14+ 15+ 16+ 17+
18+ 19+ 20+ 21+ 22+ 23+ 24+ 25+ 26+ 27+ 28+ 29+ 30+ 31+ 32+ 33+ 34+ 35+ 36+
37+ 38+ 39+ 40+ 41+ 42+ 43+ 44+ 45+ 46+ 47+ 48+ 49+ 50+ 51+ 52+ 53+ 54+ 55+
56+ 57+ 58+ 59+ 60+ 61+ 62+ 63+ 64+ 65+ 66+ 67+ 68+ 69+ 70+ 71+ 72+ 73+ 74+
75+ 76+ 77+ 78+ 79+ 80+ 81+ 82+ 83+ 84+ 85+ 86+ 87+ 88+ 89+ 90+ 91+ 92+ 93+
94+ 95+ 96+ 97+ 98+ 99+ 100+ 101+ 102+ 103+ 104+ 105+ 106+ 107+ 108+ 109+
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9480+ 9481+ 9482+ 9483+ 9484+ 9485+ 9486+ 9487+ 9488+ 9489+ 9490+ 9491+
9492+ 9493+ 9494+ 9495+ 9496+ 9497+ 9498+ 9499+ 9500+ 9501+ 9502+ 9503+
9504+ 9505+ 9506+ 9507+ 9508+ 9509+ 9510+ 9511+ 9512+ 9513+ 9514+ 9515+
9516+ 9517+ 9518+ 9519+ 9520+ 9521+ 9522+ 9523+ 9524+ 9525+ 9526+ 9527+
9528+ 9529+ 9530+ 9531+ 9532+ 9533+ 9534+ 9535+ 9536+ 9537+ 9538+ 9539+
9540+ 9541+ 9542+ 9543+ 9544+ 9545+ 9546+ 9547+ 9548+ 9549+ 9550+ 9551+
9552+ 9553+ 9554+ 9555+ 9556+ 9557+ 9558+ 9559+ 9560+ 9561+ 9562+ 9563+
9564+ 9565+ 9566+ 9567+ 9568+ 9569+ 9570+ 9571+ 9572+ 9573+ 9574+ 9575+
9576+ 9577+ 9578+ 9579+ 9580+ 9581+ 9582+ 9583+ 9584+ 9585+ 9586+ 9587+
9588+ 9589+ 9590+ 9591+ 9592+ 9593+ 9594+ 9595+ 9596+ 9597+ 9598+ 9599+
9600+ 9601+ 9602+ 9603+ 9604+ 9605+ 9606+ 9607+ 9608+ 9609+ 9610+ 9611+
9612+ 9613+ 9614+ 9615+ 9616+ 9617+ 9618+ 9619+ 9620+ 9621+ 9622+ 9623+
9624+ 9625+ 9626+ 9627+ 9628+ 9629+ 9630+ 9631+ 9632+ 9633+ 9634+ 9635+
9636+ 9637+ 9638+ 9639+ 9640+ 9641+ 9642+ 9643+ 9644+ 9645+ 9646+ 9647+
9648+ 9649+ 9650+ 9651+ 9652+ 9653+ 9654+ 9655+ 9656+ 9657+ 9658+ 9659+
9660+ 9661+ 9662+ 9663+ 9664+ 9665+ 9666+ 9667+ 9668+ 9669+ 9670+ 9671+
9672+ 9673+ 9674+ 9675+ 9676+ 9677+ 9678+ 9679+ 9680+ 9681+ 9682+ 9683+
9684+ 9685+ 9686+ 9687+ 9688+ 9689+ 9690+ 9691+ 9692+ 9693+ 9694+ 9695+
9696+ 9697+ 9698+ 9699+ 9700+ 9701+ 9702+ 9703+ 9704+ 9705+ 9706+ 9707+
9708+ 9709+ 9710+ 9711+ 9712+ 9713+ 9714+ 9715+ 9716+ 9717+ 9718+ 9719+
9720+ 9721+ 9722+ 9723+ 9724+ 9725+ 9726+ 9727+ 9728+ 9729+ 9730+ 9731+
9732+ 9733+ 9734+ 9735+ 9736+ 9737+ 9738+ 9739+ 9740+ 9741+ 9742+ 9743+
9744+ 9745+ 9746+ 9747+ 9748+ 9749+ 9750+ 9751+ 9752+ 9753+ 9754+ 9755+
9756+ 9757+ 9758+ 9759+ 9760+ 9761+ 9762+ 9763+ 9764+ 9765+ 9766+ 9767+
9768+ 9769+ 9770+ 9771+ 9772+ 9773+ 9774+ 9775+ 9776+ 9777+ 9778+ 9779+
9780+ 9781+ 9782+ 9783+ 9784+ 9785+ 9786+ 9787+ 9788+ 9789+ 9790+ 9791+
9792+ 9793+ 9794+ 9795+ 9796+ 9797+ 9798+ 9799+ 9800+ 9801+ 9802+ 9803+
9804+ 9805+ 9806+ 9807+ 9808+ 9809+ 9810+ 9811+ 9812+ 9813+ 9814+ 9815+
9816+ 9817+ 9818+ 9819+ 9820+ 9821+ 9822+ 9823+ 9824+ 9825+ 9826+ 9827+
9828+ 9829+ 9830+ 9831+ 9832+ 9833+ 9834+ 9835+ 9836+ 9837+ 9838+ 9839+
9840+ 9841+ 9842+ 9843+ 9844+ 9845+ 9846+ 9847+ 9848+ 9849+ 9850+ 9851+
9852+ 9853+ 9854+ 9855+ 9856+ 9857+ 9858+ 9859+ 9860+ 9861+ 9862+ 9863+
9864+ 9865+ 9866+ 9867+ 9868+ 9869+ 9870+ 9871+ 9872+ 9873+ 9874+ 9875+
9876+ 9877+ 9878+ 9879+ 9880+ 9881+ 9882+ 9883+ 9884+ 9885+ 9886+ 9887+
9888+ 9889+ 9890+ 9891+ 9892+ 9893+ 9894+ 9895+ 9896+ 9897+ 9898+ 9899+
9900+ 9901+ 9902+ 9903+ 9904+ 9905+ 9906+ 9907+ 9908+ 9909+ 9910+ 9911+
9912+ 9913+ 9914+ 9915+ 9916+ 9917+ 9918+ 9919+ 9920+ 9921+ 9922+ 9923+
9924+ 9925+ 9926+ 9927+ 9928+ 9929+ 9930+ 9931+ 9932+ 9933+ 9934+ 9935+
9936+ 9937+ 9938+ 9939+ 9940+ 9941+ 9942+ 9943+ 9944+ 9945+ 9946+ 9947+
9948+ 9949+ 9950+ 9951+ 9952+ 9953+ 9954+ 9955+ 9956+ 9957+ 9958+ 9959+
9960+ 9961+ 9962+ 9963+ 9964+ 9965+ 9966+ 9967+ 9968+ 9969+ 9970+ 9971+
9972+ 9973+ 9974+ 9975+ 9976+ 9977+ 9978+ 9979+ 9980+ 9981+ 9982+ 9983+
9984+ 9985+ 9986+ 9987+ 9988+ 9989+ 9990+ 9991+ 9992+ 9993+ 9994+ 9995+
9996+ 9997+ 9998+ 9999+ 10000;

return sum;

}

"William Ryan" <dotne...@comcast.nospam.net> wrote in message
news:%23r7GeFN...@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl...

Jhon

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:18:32 PM10/17/03
to
Hi,

Maybe not the issue, tough it unwinds the loop, the sum of the first n
consecutive numbers:

(n+1)*n
= ---------
2

Greetings


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message
news:NZUjb.795942$YN5.793228@sccrnsc01...

memememe

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:34:36 PM10/17/03
to
maybe there is some sort of limit on the ammount of +s and length of your
line, have you tried splitting it on small chunks?


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message
news:NZUjb.795942$YN5.793228@sccrnsc01...

William Ryan

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:40:21 PM10/17/03
to
Ok, I just ran it and after my IDE finished choking, I'm getting 50005000
whether I loop through it or use your code. That is the same number Excel
is giving me.

Are you getting 50005000 in your computations? From this machine, it looks
like it's working correctly.


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

news:tuVjb.806880$uu5.142280@sccrnsc04...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:40:05 PM10/17/03
to
Funny. Now, can we get back to the issue? This is fundamentally about
reflection emit and specific, optimized solutions to any problem.
Dave

"Jhon" <Jhon@a.a> wrote in message
news:IvVjb.83767$Tx2.4...@phobos.telenet-ops.be...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:44:49 PM10/17/03
to
Wow, that's interesting. And I appreciate you checking the code I pasted. I
get 50005000 in Excel and the same with the loop. When I run the unrolled
code I always get 5050. If you aren't reproducing the problem, and the code
I pasted gave you correct results, then maybe the problem is related to my
machine or my installation of the framework... very strange. (BTW, I'm doing
this on a dual Xeon with 4GB of RAM and VS.NET 2003 on W2K).

Any other comments are appreciated.

"William Ryan" <dotne...@comcast.nospam.net> wrote in message

news:eODPdVNl...@TK2MSFTNGP10.phx.gbl...

Jhon

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 1:54:28 PM10/17/03
to

"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message
news:VPVjb.807103$uu5.142258@sccrnsc04...

> Funny. Now, can we get back to the issue? This is fundamentally about
> reflection emit and specific, optimized solutions to any problem.

Yes I could smell that
Funny, optimized solutions to any problem

William Ryan

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 2:01:40 PM10/17/03
to
I'm using Win2000Pro, VS2003, 1 gig or Ram (man you are lucky) and only one
processor. I've done it on an older machine as well, and I'm getting the
right results..not really sure what it can be, but definitely interested in
finding out.

"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message
news:hUVjb.796541$YN5.793655@sccrnsc01...

Chris R. Timmons

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 2:13:29 PM10/17/03
to
Mountain Bikn' Guy,

I couldn't reproduce the errors you encountered. I tried both the
1.0 and 1.1 C# compilers, and tried using both ints and doubles as
return values. Could you post a complete program demonstrating the
problem?

TIA,

Chris.
-------------
C.R. Timmons Consulting, Inc.
http://www.crtimmonsinc.com/

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 17, 2003, 11:35:52 PM10/17/03
to
Good insight -- that was exactly the problem (but it was covered up because
I was using reflection techniques to generate/compile/load and run the
code). See my last message at the end of this thread.
Dave

"memememe" <[rem]casolorz[rem]@hot[rem]mail.com> wrote in message
news:sLVjb.14449$iq3.7768@okepread01...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 10:41:53 AM10/21/03
to
In the event anyone wishes to review this thread now or later, I thought I
would provide some conclusions that resulted from everyone's input and from
my reading:

1. unrolling loops often doesn't provide a performance gain on large (real
life size?) problems. In my experience, the unrolled loop was 5-10 times
SLOWER than the simple nested loop that I used as a reference. I found the
following quote in Eric Gunnerson's book (2nd ed). He said (about unrolled
loops), a "function is so big it doesn't fit into cache and therefore gets
slower performance."

Jon added the following info:
I suspect he means the processor's instruction
cache - if it's a small loop, the processor (not JIT, note!) can decode
the instructions once and keep the microcode available for further
iterations.

2. VS.NET has a 2048 char line limit in code files. In my experience, when
using runtime code generation and compiling, this can cause unusual trouble
if one isn't aware of it. I was able to compile and run an application that
was created from a code file with a line longer than this limit. The only
error I encountered was that the mathematical expression in the executing
program returned incorrect results! (The fix was simply inserting line
breaks into the code file.)

3. VS.NET has some compiler bugs that will result in the following error
message:
Additional information: Common Language Runtime detected an invalid program.

This appears to happen on complex mathematical expressions. However, in my
case the expression itself was not that complex. It was just long (but each
line wasn't too long). When I reached about 1000 subexpressions in a simple
sum of products expression, I encountered this compiler bug. Search on
Google Groups using the error message, and you'll see that others have
encountered it (frequently) when dealing with complex mathematical
expressions.

To my knowledge, there is no solution for this. Anyone from Microsoft care
to comment?

That about sums up (no pun intended) what I've learned so far. HTH.
Dave


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message
news:NZUjb.795942$YN5.793228@sccrnsc01...

anonymouse

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 11:00:35 AM10/21/03
to
Did you make these unrolled loops manually or did you use a CodeDom to
generate them?

Curious.

Why do it the hard way:D


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

news:RAblb.196435$%h1.190498@sccrnsc02...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 1:40:47 PM10/21/03
to
Since you asked...

I could use some help with CodeDOM. Here is how I am generating these loops:

//
//TODO: generate this entire expression using CodeDOM classes:
StringBuilder formulaString = new StringBuilder();
formulaString.Append("dataPoints[row] = 0");
if (columns != null)
{
formulaString.Capacity = 40 * (columns.Count + 2);
for (int j = 0; j < columns.Count; ++j)
{
if ( ((MyColumnType)columns[j]).Role == RoleType.Independent)
{
formulaString.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
formulaString.Append("+ coefficients[" + j + "] * table[row][" + j + "] ");
}
}
}
formulaString.Append(";");
//

The rest of the stuff (namespace, class, outer for loop, return statement,
etc.) is all generated purely without code snippet expressions (with 1
exception -- see bug below). Anyone want to show me how to do the above
expression without code snippets? (Note the need to break the lines to keep
them below the 2046 char limit.)

The one other issue I am having trouble with is this:

compute.ReturnType = new CodeTypeReference("public float[]"); //suggested
workaround for bug below
compute.Attributes |= MemberAttributes.Public;//has a bug

Is there an easy, language neutral way to work around the
MemberAttributes.Public bug when I return an array?

TIA,
Dave

"anonymouse" <anony...@discussions.microsoft.com> wrote in message
news:Ol2VWO%23lDH...@TK2MSFTNGP12.phx.gbl...

Eric Gunnerson [MS]

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 5:01:18 PM10/21/03
to
Comments inline

--
Eric Gunnerson

Visit the C# product team at http://www.csharp.net
Eric's blog is at http://blogs.gotdotnet.com/ericgu/

This posting is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, and confers no rights.


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

news:RAblb.196435$%h1.190498@sccrnsc02...


> In the event anyone wishes to review this thread now or later, I thought I
> would provide some conclusions that resulted from everyone's input and
from
> my reading:
>
> 1. unrolling loops often doesn't provide a performance gain on large (real
> life size?) problems. In my experience, the unrolled loop was 5-10 times
> SLOWER than the simple nested loop that I used as a reference. I found the
> following quote in Eric Gunnerson's book (2nd ed). He said (about unrolled
> loops), a "function is so big it doesn't fit into cache and therefore gets
> slower performance."
>
> Jon added the following info:
> I suspect he means the processor's instruction
> cache - if it's a small loop, the processor (not JIT, note!) can decode
> the instructions once and keep the microcode available for further
> iterations.

I do mean the processor cache, but it's not necessarily just an instruction
effect.

Jan Gray's excellent article on managed code performance has a lot more
detail on this:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/?url=/library/en-us/dndotnet/html/fastmanagedcode.asp

>
> 2. VS.NET has a 2048 char line limit in code files. In my experience, when
> using runtime code generation and compiling, this can cause unusual
trouble
> if one isn't aware of it. I was able to compile and run an application
that
> was created from a code file with a line longer than this limit. The only
> error I encountered was that the mathematical expression in the executing
> program returned incorrect results! (The fix was simply inserting line
> breaks into the code file.)
>
> 3. VS.NET has some compiler bugs that will result in the following error
> message:
> Additional information: Common Language Runtime detected an invalid
program.
>
> This appears to happen on complex mathematical expressions. However, in my
> case the expression itself was not that complex. It was just long (but
each
> line wasn't too long). When I reached about 1000 subexpressions in a
simple
> sum of products expression, I encountered this compiler bug. Search on
> Google Groups using the error message, and you'll see that others have
> encountered it (frequently) when dealing with complex mathematical
> expressions.
>
> To my knowledge, there is no solution for this. Anyone from Microsoft care
> to comment?

I haven't heard of this before. Can you send me a program that demonstrates
the problem?
Eri...@microsoft.com

Chris R. Timmons

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 5:09:31 PM10/21/03
to
"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in
news:zcelb.838183$Ho3.244900@sccrnsc03:

Dave,

[I don't mean to come across as arrogant in the post below. This is
just my long-winded way of saying that there may be a much simpler
solution to your problem.]

I've read most of the messages in the threads that deal with the
problems you're runing into. I'm not going to pretend that I know
what all of your requirements are, or the reason why you're writing
this code (learning exercise or production code?). But I get the
feeling that you may be trying to pound a round peg through a square
hole.

Lately I've become a big fan of Occam's Razor
(http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/OCCAMRAZ.html). Dynamically generating and
compiling code is usually the slowest and most complex way to
implement a solution. It's almost always my last choice. When
designing a solution to a complex and/or large problem, my solution
generally comes from a list like this (in order of simplicity):

1. structured (or non-polymorphic OOP code) code w/ a fixed data
structure
2. same code as #1, but w/ a dynamic data structure
3. polymorphic OOP and/or interfaced code w/ a fixed data structure
4. same code as #3, but w/ a dynamic data structure
5. database solution (SQL)
6. potentially very complex code and data (writing a custom
compiler, lengthy regular expressions, using CodeDOM, etc.)

Another way of looking at this list:

1. simple code and data.
2. simple code and moderately complex data.
3. moderately complex code and simple data.
4. moderately complex code and data.
5. range of simple-to-complex code and data, but has an external
dependency on a database engine. May also have performance
drawbacks.
6. very complex code and data.

Too often I've learned (the hard way) that a complex solution to a
seemingly simple problem is often an indicator of a design flaw.
Using lists like this has helped me catch design errors like that and
fix them before they infect the rest of the app.

Just my $0.02...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 8:30:23 PM10/21/03
to
Chris,
I appreciate all the input I can get, and I plan to keep your list. It looks
like a good reference and it also fits well with my own philosophy. But let
me ask you this: in a system that will repeatedly perform computations on a
very large table of data where these computations can be any user defined
mathematical expression, what more simple and elegant way is there than
using the reflection tools of .NET? I get a scripting language (any dot net
language) and a compiler for user-created expressions that is incredibly
well integrated into the framework my app is built upon. Seems pretty simple
and elegant to me. Is there anything any better?

I have had a few reservations about CodeDOM because it is a bit tedious to
use, but there are also serious advantages in my particular situation. Try
this idea and see if you get the same ephiphany I did: imagine an Excel-like
formula where each token (operator and operand) in the expression can be
manipulated via the UI as an object. I lot of possibilities open up from the
object nature of expressions that are represented as CodeDOM objects.

The advantages of CodeDOM seem to be winning out over the drawbacks, but I
haven't made a final decision about CodeDOM -- mainly because I don't
understand it will enough to make any final decisions. I'm in a learning
phase, and all comments on or help with CodeDOM is appreciated.

Regards,
David


"Chris R. Timmons" <crtimmons@X_NOSPAM_Xcrtimmonsinc.com> wrote in message
news:Xns941BA4607F134cr...@207.46.248.16...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 9:12:23 PM10/21/03
to
sample program sent!
Thanks for your interest!
Dave

"Eric Gunnerson [MS]" <eri...@online.microsoft.com> wrote in message
news:%237rE6ZB...@TK2MSFTNGP10.phx.gbl...

Santiago

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 9:09:45 PM10/21/03
to
I really don't want to make this thread any longer than it already is but I
found Chris' comments (above) interesting. And I thought I would add my own
$0.02.

If the nature of this app is such that every bit of performance is needed,
to the extent that even loops have to be unrolled (something that's usually
found in game engines but not business apps), I would question the use of
.NET. Using C++ (non-managed) you will shave a whole layer which will yield
further performance advantages if well done.

- Santiago

"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

news:zcelb.838183$Ho3.244900@sccrnsc03...

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 21, 2003, 10:21:00 PM10/21/03
to
My results so far indicate that C# can be just as fast as C++ on
mathematical expressions. (If I need to, I use pointers.) I don't see any
limitations that indicate C# can't do the job. It's a great language, IMO.

"Santiago" <replytonewsgroup> wrote in message
news:OqpMilDm...@TK2MSFTNGP09.phx.gbl...

john bailo

unread,
Oct 22, 2003, 2:25:25 PM10/22/03
to

so long as you want to be dependent on m$oft patents and copyrights
and libraries that are not open ( unless you use mono ).


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

news:gQllb.837529$YN5.938550@sccrnsc01...

David Notario [MSFT]

unread,
Oct 25, 2003, 10:21:52 PM10/25/03
to
inline

--
David Notario
Software Design Engineer, CLR JIT Compiler
http://devdiary.xplsv.com

"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

news:RAblb.196435$%h1.190498@sccrnsc02...


> In the event anyone wishes to review this thread now or later, I thought I
> would provide some conclusions that resulted from everyone's input and
from
> my reading:
>
> 1. unrolling loops often doesn't provide a performance gain on large (real
> life size?) problems. In my experience, the unrolled loop was 5-10 times
> SLOWER than the simple nested loop that I used as a reference. I found the
> following quote in Eric Gunnerson's book (2nd ed). He said (about unrolled
> loops), a "function is so big it doesn't fit into cache and therefore gets
> slower performance."
>
> Jon added the following info:
> I suspect he means the processor's instruction
> cache - if it's a small loop, the processor (not JIT, note!) can decode
> the instructions once and keep the microcode available for further
> iterations.

Unrolling should be performed by the compiler. It only makes sense for
extremely tight loops, where loop overhead matters (loop overhead is
typically 2 cycles, the cost of 'inc, cmp, jcc'. Unrolling more than 2-4
times has been something that has not been really that great since 386/486.
(any modern processor has branch prediction)

>
> 2. VS.NET has a 2048 char line limit in code files. In my experience, when
> using runtime code generation and compiling, this can cause unusual
trouble
> if one isn't aware of it. I was able to compile and run an application
that
> was created from a code file with a line longer than this limit. The only
> error I encountered was that the mathematical expression in the executing
> program returned incorrect results! (The fix was simply inserting line
> breaks into the code file.)

This would be a bug, attach a repro and send to the C# guys.

>
> 3. VS.NET has some compiler bugs that will result in the following error
> message:
> Additional information: Common Language Runtime detected an invalid
program.
>
> This appears to happen on complex mathematical expressions. However, in my
> case the expression itself was not that complex. It was just long (but
each
> line wasn't too long). When I reached about 1000 subexpressions in a
simple
> sum of products expression, I encountered this compiler bug. Search on
> Google Groups using the error message, and you'll see that others have
> encountered it (frequently) when dealing with complex mathematical
> expressions.
>
> To my knowledge, there is no solution for this. Anyone from Microsoft care
> to comment?

The JIT has a limit on local variables. You can get there in 2 ways, having
a lot of local variables in your code (goes over the 65534 IL limit) or the
compiler generating temps for evaluating expressions. Human written code
usually never hits these limits, although we do see them once in a while in
machine generated code (as nobody is really 'typing' down all that code).
When the JIT 'overflows', it will return an Invalid Program exception. The
only advice I can currently give you at the moment is write smaller
functions. I suspect you are hitting the temp limit.

Rico Mariani [MSFT]

unread,
Oct 27, 2003, 4:00:56 PM10/27/03
to
Many people have commented on why the big statement might be hard for the
compiler to digest so I'm not going to add to that. But I thought I should
talk about loop unrolling a bit.

Remember the purpose of loop unrolling is to reduce the cost of testing the
loop variables on each iteration and the associated control flow. That's
all the overhead there is.

Generally when you unroll a loop you take several iterations and put it
directly into the body. Hopefully you can do this easily because you know
(for instance) that the number of iterations is always a multiple of 10, or
something like that (there's of course other ways too).

OK, so far all is goodness and joy. Here comes the but.

In the world of modern processors, bigger code is often slower code. At
some point the savings that you gained by having less control flow are not
sufficient to overcome the costs of extra cache misses due to having to load
in more code for the bigger (unrolled) algorithm.

So, the sweet spot is in between, you need to unroll enough to reduce the
cost (remember if you only unroll 10 iterations that's still at 90%
reduction in control flow cost, you'll have to unroll 100 iterations to get
to 99% and then 1000 to get to 99.9% -- diminishing returns if ever I saw
them) however you mustn't bloat the code to the point where you're taking an
undue number of cache misses in the course of running the program. I find
it unlikely that more than 10 unrolls would ever really be worth it, but of
course you'd have to measure to be sure for your case.

--

This posting is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, and confers no rights.

Rico Mariani
CLR Performance Architect


"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

Mountain Bikn' Guy

unread,
Oct 29, 2003, 12:39:04 PM10/29/03
to
I'm going to add one person's actual experience into these posts about the
theoretical advantages of loop unrolling on modern processors. In the case
of a nested loop (2 for-loops) each iterating hundreds or thousands of
times, here is what I found:
1. unrolling both loops resulted in slower performance -- sometimes it was
significantly slower. It was the slowest of all variations I tested.
2. unrolling just the inner loop -- even when this resulted in a LOT of code
statements -- was the fastest of all options. I compared it against the
normal loop and several other variations. The unrolled inner loop had
hundreds of statements (typically about 500 or more). Yet, it was still the
fastest of all variations I could come up with. On average, it was 50% to
100% faster than the standard nested loop code.

In the end, I took a solution that was unusable because it was so slow (8
minutes+ to react to a single number change) to a solution that responds
virtually instantly (a fraction of a second now). Many things were part of
this -- unrolling the loop was just one of many.

BTW, I did the testing on a Xeon cpu machine.

"Rico Mariani [MSFT]" <ri...@online.microsoft.com> wrote in message
news:Odeor1Mn...@TK2MSFTNGP10.phx.gbl...

Alvin Bruney

unread,
Oct 29, 2003, 12:43:15 PM10/29/03
to
What amount of loop unrolling does the JIT perform? Does ngen perform any
more optimisations or is it just the JIT?

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"Mountain Bikn' Guy" <v...@attbi.com> wrote in message

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Alvin Bruney

unread,
Oct 29, 2003, 1:24:21 PM10/29/03
to
Ignore this idiot. He is spoofing my email account.

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"Alvin Bruney" <vapordan_spam_me_not@hotmail_no_spamhotmail.com> wrote in
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Alvin Bruney

unread,
Oct 29, 2003, 1:34:30 PM10/29/03
to
Yes Ignore that idiot, like he thinks he owns the internet :D

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"Alvin Bruney" <vapordan_spam_me_not@hotmail_no_spamhotmail.com> wrote in

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