Re: Suga Free Smell My Finger Full Album Zip
Roser Blazado
For this one, Jack and Meg decamped to Memphis to record at the legendary Easley-McCain Studio and walked away with a bonafide classic. Unique for a White Stripes album, as it contains no covers, no guest musicians, no blues and no guitar solos, this album would be most of the world's introduction to the band.
While the video for "Fell In Love With A Girl" could've single-handedly raised the price of LEGO stock three bucks a share (IF it was a publicly traded company) the other jams on here are momentous, from the fuzz distorted clarion call of album opener "Dead Leaves and the Dirty Ground" to the finger-pointing accusations of "I Think I Smell A Rat" this album has everything you could ever want from the Detroit duo.
Cut directly from the original 1/4" master tapes, pressed on HEAVY 180-gram vinyl and lovingly ensconced in a beauteous Stoughton tip-on jacket...this album has never looked better, and perhaps, has looked markedly worse.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)GRAFTON TANNER: When I was younger, probably about 10 or 11 years old, my grandmother actually gifted me a cassette player for my birthday. At that age, I didn't own CDs or MP3 player or something. I definitely didn't own any cassette tapes. My mom decided to drive me to this store that was called Media Play. It doesn't exist anymore. And I knew that I wanted Daft Punk's 2001 album called "Discovery." And so we bought it. This was around September, going into October. And I just listened to it all the time - religiously, constantly.So it was this really crucial moment in my life where a few things converged, like my introduction into music that I really loved and enjoying a change of season and being a young person and having that freedom. And to this day, I still listen to that record. It's in my car. My car - I have an older car. It has a tape deck, and so I can pop it in, and it kind of transports me back to that time period.(SOUNDBITE OF DAFT PUNK SONG, "ONE MORE TIME")TANNER: It gives me this sort of, like, lump in my throat kind of feeling. But it's not sadness. You know, it's not something that I necessarily mourn. Like, I don't want to go back to being 10 years old. You know, I like being an adult (laughter).But it's almost just like a visceral feeling, that lump in my throat and the misty-eyed kind of feeling that I get. And my face gets a little red. My brain kind of shuts down, and my body's responses sort of take over. It's more than just a tradition. It literally is like an embodied experience.(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "ONE MORE TIME")DAFT PUNK: (Singing) One more time, we're going to celebrate. Oh, yeah - all right. Don't stop the dancing. One more time...TANNER: Every year, the tape sounds a little bit more worn down. It's a little bit more warped. One of these days, I'm kind of afraid that I'm going to pop it in and it's just - it's going to be so degraded that I won't be able to make any sense out of it anymore. But at that point, I might - myself might be so old that I may not, you know, recognize it anymore as this nostalgic talisman. Who knows.(SOUNDBITE OF DAFT PUNK SONG, "DIGITAL LOVE")RUND ABDELFATAH, HOST: I'm Rund Abdelfatah.RAMTIN ARABLOUEI, HOST: And I'm Ramtin Arablouei. And you're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR. Today on the show, the history of nostalgia and its eternal paradox to both hold us back and keep us going.ABDELFATAH: Producer Laine Kaplan-Levenson takes it from here.(SOUNDBITE OF CAT STEVENS SONG, "WHERE DO THE CHILDREN PLAY?")LAINE KAPLAN-LEVENSON, BYLINE: I'm sitting in the corner of my parents' living room in the house I grew up in. Cat Stevens' "Tea For The Tillerman" album cover is pressed between my knees, and my fingers trace the track titles for the thousandth time. I know the order by heart - "Where Do The Children Play?"...(SOUNDBITE OF CAT STEVENS SONG, "HARD HEADED WOMAN"KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ..."Hard Headed Woman"...(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "WILD WORLD")CAT STEVENS: (Singing) La-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ..."Wild World," "Sad Lisa" - really deep cut...(SOUNDBITE OF CAT STEVENS SONG, "SAD LISA")KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ...And my favorite, "Miles From Nowhere."(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "MILES FROM NOWHERE")STEVENS: (Singing) Miles from nowhere; guess I'll take my time. Oh, yeah.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: And when I'm leaned up against the pulsing speakers, it's just me, Cat Stevens and the Tillerman, whoever that is. It's just us.(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "MILES FROM NOWHERE")STEVENS: (Singing) Miles from nowhere; guess I'll take my time - oh, yeah - to reach the end.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: That's where I'm transported when I hear this album. It's like a trapdoor or a chute that plucks me from the present moment and punts me back to that general time - my childhood. And when I choose to hear this music, it's to evoke the same emotion that Daft Punk brings up in Grafton Tanner; an emotion that washes over you when the weather changes or the sky turns a certain color or that song comes on the radio and suddenly you're in two places at once, thinking fondly of the past and mourning it all at the same time - nostalgia.TANNER: Well, I've been researching nostalgia for several years now.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Grafton Tanner is a communications studies professor at the University of Georgia, and he's written two books about nostalgia. The most recent one has a great title. It's called "The Hours Have Lost Their Clock: The Politics Of Nostalgia."TANNER: I think that nostalgia is sort of the defining emotion of our time in that the last 20 years has seen one kind of nostalgia wave after the other.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Nostalgia is hard to pin down. It's not necessarily happy or sad. It doesn't make you feel good or bad. The emotion can wash over you thanks to a cool fall breeze or a smell wafting over from a neighbor's kitchen or an old photo you've never even seen before.TANNER: I would say that nostalgia is a longing for a home in the past. It might be imagined. It might be cobbled together. It might be even distorted. It doesn't mean that it's true or false, it just means that it might be kind of imperfect because memory sometimes is imperfect.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: But for all its ambiguity, nostalgia does reliably offer one thing - an escape away from the uncertainty of the future and towards the permanence of the past.TANNER: And I wanted to know if that's a good thing because nostalgia has for a long time gotten a bad rap, as being this obstacle in the way of progress. We can't move forward if we're always looking back. This is certainly a discourse that's been around for a long time. So I wanted to know if it was good for us individually and also as a society. And finding that out, I think, meant figuring out what nostalgia is and how it's used by different people.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Our new normal is full of constant instability. The future feels like a swerving car on a narrow road with no guardrail, flirting with the edge of the cliff. So it makes sense that this idea of permanence rooted in our memories of the past brings some comfort, even if those memories are painful. Even if the past wasn't so great, it still was. And that sense of knowing, of having something to hold on to, is what many of us are looking for as we barrel towards this uncertainty, this cliff. Nostalgia takes us to that warm, reliable place of before.But this emotion has lived many lives. And before it was thought of as a marketing scheme, political strategy, a beat-up cassette tape or simply summer turning to fall, nostalgia wasn't an emotion at all. It was a deadly disease.I'm Laine Kaplan-Levenson. And today, we trace the history of nostalgia from its origins as an illness to a defining emotion of our time.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)MIA CHANG: Hi. My name is Mia Chang (ph). I'm calling from London, and you're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR. I feel nostalgic when it's fall, during this time of the year, because the colder weather - it reminds me of the time when I used to see all my friends back in school. Around this time, it's also Korean Thanksgiving or Chuseok, and that makes me miss my family and the dinners that we used to have.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #1, BYLINE: Part 1 - Mother's Milk.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #1: Nevertheless, I long. I pine all my days to travel home and see the dawn of my return. And if a god will wreck me yet again on the wine-dark sea, I can bear that too with a spirit tempered to endure. Much have I suffered, labored long and hard by now in the waves and wars. Add this to the total. Bring the trial on.Homer - "The Odyssey."(SOUNDBITE OF BIRDS CHIRPING, DISTANT COWBELLS RINGING)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: In the 1680s, a group of Swiss soldiers stationed abroad started coming down with a mysterious disease. They fainted. They hallucinated. They claimed they saw ghosts and heard voices. Autumn seemed to be a particular trigger. As the leaves changed colors and fell to the ground, the soldiers found that they couldn't fight. They couldn't eat. They could barely rise out of bed in the morning. They were sick, and it was spreading, which piqued the interest of a young, ambitious medical student...TANNER: ...Named Johannes Hofer, who was 19 at the time when he started hearing stories about this strange disease that was infecting Swiss mercenaries. The disease caused this intense form of homesickness. If you caught it, you longed for home-cooked meals. Soldiers longed for their mothers, their normal lives back home before they started fighting. And so, intrigued by this at just 19 years old, he decided to write his medical dissertation on the disease. And he eventually decided to call it nostalgia, from the Greek words nostos and algia, which are homecoming and ache roughly translated.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: The ache for home, whatever that concept of home might mean. Johannes Hofer's dissertation gave a name to this unnamed disease and went on to describe its symptoms, which, in addition to seeing ghosts, included sadness, disturbed sleep, weakness, hunger, thirst, heart palpitations, frequent sighs and, quote, "stupidity of the mind - attending to nothing hardly other than the idea of the fatherland."TANNER: He even wrote that the sick people who have nostalgia...UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #2: (As Johannes Hofer) ...When they are sent forth to foreign lands with alien customs, do not know how to accustom themself to the manners of living nor to forget their mother's milk.TANNER: And without treatment, so the stories go, many of these mercenaries died from nostalgia.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: There were conflicting opinions about what actually caused nostalgia. Hofer thought it was nerve vibrations that viscerally channeled the homeland; or more specifically...UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #2: (As Johannes Hofer) ...The quite continuous vibration of animal spirits through those fibers of the middle brain in which impressed traces of ideas of the fatherland still cling.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Other doctors argued it was caused by changes in atmospheric pressure, while others claimed it was caused by cowbells. Yes, cowbells, which were apparently clanging incessantly throughout the Swiss countryside and were thought to cause eardrum damage. Cowbells were the noise pollution of the day, but they were also desperately missed when not in earshot - the sound of home. So whether it was pressure changes, cowbells or various other theories of the root cause of the disease, Hofer said there was basically only one cure that would actually work.TANNER: Unless the sufferer was sent back home, then the condition could be fatal, and the person who had nostalgia could die.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: It's impossible to know whether these Swiss soldiers were actually dying from nostalgia, but some of their death certificates said as much. And military physicians and generals were extremely concerned with these kinds of outbreaks, especially because Hofer's proposed cure was a no-go.TANNER: They didn't really want to send soldiers back home or mercenaries back home because then they wouldn't have men of fighting age. And so they tried to prevent nostalgia from spreading to begin with. And what they would do is they would ban certain songs from being whistled. You couldn't sing certain popular songs from back home because they thought that a familiar melody might trigger this outbreak of yearning, and then it might rip through the ranks.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Like the Ranz des Vaches melodies; cow-herding music that Swiss herders played as they drove their cattle down from the mountains on long horns that went from their lips all the way to the ground.UNIDENTIFIED SINGER: (Singing in non-English language).(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: This music was such a nostalgia trigger that playing, singing or merely whistling the tune could get you killed.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: There was so much anxiety about community spread that military doctors tried almost anything before resorting to sending soldiers home.TANNER: They would try bleeding the soldiers - you know, all of the older medical procedures that we don't do anymore. They would apply leeches. But then there were some other sort of strange kind of extreme things that they would try. They would try to scare the nostalgia out of the soldiers, terrorizing them or threatening to burn them with hot irons or threatening to bury them alive. There's even rumors that some soldiers were buried alive. Sometimes the military doctors would quarantine the nostalgic sufferers. They would lock them in these high towers because they thought maybe they needed fresh air. But of course, the isolation only made the nostalgia worse.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: It goes without saying that nostalgia existed way before the word itself did. People fought wars. People left home. People got homesick and yearned for an idea of home that no longer exists or never existed at all. For instance, Homer's "Odyssey," one of the oldest epics written around the 8th century BCE, is thought of by some as the nostalgia poem even though the word nostalgia never appears in the text.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #1: Nevertheless, I long. I pine all my days to travel home and see the dawn of my return.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: The story is all about the protagonist, Odysseus, and his decade-long struggle to return home after the Trojan War. As Hofer would say, he missed his mother's milk. So nostalgia existed way before Hofer said so, and it existed all over the world, not just in Europe.TANNER: And it's certainly the case that nostalgia or sentiments like nostalgia, words that are similar to nostalgia show up in various cultures over the past few centuries.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: One of my favorite words is saudade, a Portuguese word that doesn't have a direct English translation but refers to a deep, melancholic longing for something or someone lost or out of reach. Portuguese writer Manuel de Mello calls it a pleasure you suffer, an ailment you enjoy.(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "SAUDADES DO BRASIL EM PORTUGAL")VINICIUS DE MORAES: (Singing in non-English language).KAPLAN-LEVENSON: And nostalgia is clearly not just a Western phenomenon. There's versions of the idea in Japan...(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "FURUSATO IS A DISTANT SKY")HIBARI MISORA: (Singing in Japanese).KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ...India...(SOUNDBITE OF SIVAJI CHATTERJEE AND SUJATA SARKAR SONG, "EI UDAASEE HAAOAAR PATHE PATHE")KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ...Ethiopia...(SOUNDBITE OF MULATU ASTATKE'S "TEZETA")KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ...All over the world.(SOUNDBITE OF MULATU ASTATKE'S "TEZETA")TANNER: I wanted to focus mainly on a Western conception of nostalgia, primarily because even though it's not necessarily of Western sentiment, the word itself has been Westernized and born out of a Western context and continues to develop in Western media.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: And it was in the West where this sentiment was first medicalized, taking us back to those Swiss soldiers. But soon enough, it wasn't just a Swiss thing. Western physicians were diagnosing nostalgia in British soldiers fighting to colonize India and in French soldiers fighting the Napoleonic Wars. Nostalgia was spreading alongside imperialism at a time when European powers were sending men across the world to expand their empires.TANNER: They were trying to mobilize units with so many citizen soldiers - millions of citizen soldiers - drafted into service and told, essentially, to fight for their country if they really loved their country. When you feel like you've lost control, then certainly you're going to yearn for that control back.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Nostalgia also showed up years later in American soldiers during the Civil War. If you weren't sent home, letters were the second-best cure. The Philadelphia Inquirer urged the public to send soldiers mail, saying it would literally fend off the disease. But while the soldiers were being diagnosed left and right, others were thought incapable of feeling nostalgia. Those whose worlds were perhaps most violently upended, who were forced from their homes, separated from their families, shipped across the ocean and enslaved.TANNER: Before the Civil War, white slave owners believed that enslaved people were incapable of forging any attachment to home, and so, therefore, wouldn't feel homesickness. There's a scholar of nostalgia. Her name is Badia Ahad-Legardy. And she's written that we don't really have a lot of research on the nostalgia of slaves because the medical establishment in the antebellum period literally didn't believe that slaves could feel nostalgic.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: It wasn't just the medical establishment. Most white people who bought and sold Black people did not think they were capable of having the same feelings as them or even getting the same diseases. It was impossible for them to conceive any sort of shared experience with the people they enslaved. Thomas Jefferson said it himself.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #3: (As Thomas Jefferson) Their griefs are transient. Those numberless afflictions which render it doubtful whether heaven has given life to us in mercy or in wrath are less felt and sooner forgotten with them. In general, their existence appears to participate more of sensation than reflection.TANNER: Well, when they were enslaved, they were not seen as human. They were seen as property. And so, of course, human emotions wouldn't apply to property unless the property got sick and couldn't work, and then maybe the medical establishment would come in and diagnose them with a strictly-slave-type disease, like the madness to flee the plantation or something.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Denying nostalgia in Black people directly contributed to scientific racism. Instead of diagnosing enslaved people with the same disease as soldiers fighting in the Civil War, pseudoscientific terms like drapetomania appeared in medical journals to describe a mental illness that gave enslaved people the uncontrollable impulse to run away. It comes from the Greek drapetes, which means an escape and madness. The suggested cure - regular whipping. Drapetomania was strictly created to pathologize Black people who sought freedom.TANNER: This wasn't the first time that nostalgia had been denied from a group of people.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: In 1830, when President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, he said he understood that Native Americans would be sad to have their lands taken from them, but didn't see how it would feel any different than when European settlers chose to move out West.TANNER: He couldn't understand why they'd be so upset over forced migration.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #4: (As Andrew Jackson) Our children, by thousands yearly, leave the land of their birth to seek new homes in distant regions. Does humanity weep at these painful separations from everything, animate and inanimate, with which the young heart has become entwined?(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Nostalgia was wildly misunderstood. It was withheld from many who experienced it and falsely diagnosed as a deadly disease in others, like soldiers on the battlefield. And this narrow view continued, along with the only known cure - to return people home. The Problem was, it didn't work.TANNER: When, of course, the citizen soldiers went back to being just citizens, they brought the nostalgia with them, so to speak. They yearned for home. When they came back home, home had changed.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: And war had changed them.TANNER: And so nostalgia used to be an ally to them at war, and its ghost kind of followed them back home and sort of haunted them. And so if you wanted to trace nostalgia as this spreading agent, it kind of spreads from the military out into society.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: And perplexed the medical community yet again. If nostalgia was thought of as homesickness, but returning home didn't cure the disease, then they were back to Square 1 - not to mention the fact that doctors never found a sick bone in any soldier's body. So what was nostalgia? It wasn't just about war, and it wasn't just about home. It's almost as if it had more to do with time than with place. It was about change.TANNER: There were currents that started to shift nostalgia from a disease to an emotion.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: When we come back, nostalgia ditches war for romance.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)DAN: This is Dan (ph) from Berlin, Germany. You're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR. Lately, I've been rewatching "Broad City." I found I needed to return to a time that feels like now, except without a pandemic or glaring, incipient fascism. Plus, I love to laugh, and I already rewatched all of "Hacks."UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #2, BYLINE: Part 2 - The Way We Were.(SOUNDBITE OF PASTORAL AMBIENCE)UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #3, BYLINE: (Reading) What though the radiance, which was once so bright, be now forever taken from my sight. Though nothing can bring back the hour of splendor in the grass, of glory in the flower, we will grieve not, rather, find strength in what remains behind - William Wordsworth.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: After about 100 years searching for a literal nostalgia bone in the body, doctors started to slowly give up on the idea that nostalgia was a physical illness. Over the course of the 19th century, there was a growing consensus that Johannes Hofer, the 19-year-old med student who coined the word, was wrong. Nostalgia wasn't a disease, and it wasn't straight-up homesickness. It wasn't an incurable illness, but an incurable, modern condition in reaction to modernity itself.TANNER: There was some thought that maybe progress and industrialization might eradicate nostalgia. But this really wasn't the case.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: The world was modernizing, and more people were moving from place to place, whether by choice or force. And in all that change, there was a loss of control, a loss of what you once knew. It could be because you found yourself in another country, surrounded by new food, culture and language, or because, for the first time, you're leaving your land and showing up to a workplace with a boss...UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #5: Stevens (ph).KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ...Telling you what to do.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #5: Hold on tight now.(SOUNDBITE OF TRAIN AMBIENCE)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: I remember you say something in your book about how there are people moving from place to place having this experience, and then there are people not leaving the countryside that they've lived in their whole lives, but seeing that change. They're staying in place, and all of a sudden, they don't recognize their homeland, and that can induce the same feeling.TANNER: Absolutely. Some of those people aren't necessarily moving around. They're staying put. But their lives are changing because of the introduction of industrial processes and how they work and make money suddenly becomes very standardized. And then time itself becomes standardized at a certain point.(SOUNDBITE OF BELL CHIMING)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: The five-day workweek was a direct product of industrialization.TANNER: And these sort of conditioning tactics would eventually prepare these citizens to work in the factories later on, when they certainly felt like they had no control over their lives because they were working all the time.(SOUNDBITE OF WATER RUSHING)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: This was a time when time itself started to be viewed differently, with the hours of the day designed around mass industrialization and in advancing global economy. Things felt different. And there was a shared yearning for how things were, whether people left home or not. Nostalgia was showing up in factory workers, students, migrants - people adapting to a modernizing world. And this rise of industry naturally came with a counterculture movement - romance.(SOUNDBITE OF BELLS CHIMING)TANNER: There was a major shift in the 19th century with the rise of Romanticism and the romantics of the 19th century celebrating sentiments and emotion.(SOUNDBITE OF BELLS CHIMING)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: Romanticism was a cultural movement that reshaped art, music, literature and philosophy over the course of the 19th century. It was, in many ways, a direct reaction against the previous age of Enlightenment, which centered on rationalism and reason, as well as industry, with its tight schedules, repetitive motions and mechanization. Romanticism was about the exact opposite - the imagination, subjectivity and emotions. And nostalgia got absorbed into the movement and turned into a literary sensibility to help express the angst of the period.TANNER: A famous example would be the poetry of Wordsworth.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: William Wordsworth, an English poet known for helping to launch the English Romantic Movement.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #7: Thus, nature spake. The work was done.TANNER: Wordsworth wrote the Lucy poems...UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #7: How soon my Lucy's race was run.TANNER: ...From this perspective of this narrator who longs for this unknown woman named Lucy who he could never get to.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #7: She died and left to me this heath, this calm and quiet scene...TANNER: It's absolutely a series of nostalgic poems because it's written in this very highly emotional, yearning kind of language.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #7: ...The memory of what has been and nevermore will be.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)TANNER: Romantic nostalgia was also crucial to the building of nations. The yearning for some long-lost homeland - that would turn a nation's past or its history into what we would call, like, a heritage or something.As an example of that, I'm often reminded of the Notre Dame Cathedral. Its constant preservation and restoration is one symptom of France's nostalgia for its own heritage, and a very romantic nostalgia at that. Victor Hugo's novel, for example, "Hunchback Of Notre Dame," which came out in the 1830s, is essentially, like, Notre Dame propaganda written in this romantic way.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: At the time, Notre Dame was in huge disrepair and an eyesore to residents. And Victor Hugo was not only a French writer, but an architectural preservationist who in the 1800s started to see Gothic-era buildings being demolished across Paris. Hugo was determined to save Notre Dame and in 1831 published a novel set in the 1400s, the Gothic era, about Quasimodo, the bell ringer and foremost lover of the cathedral.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #6: And the cathedral was not only society for him, but the universe and all nature beside. He dreamed of no other hedgerows than the painted windows, always in flower; no other shade than that...TANNER: That nostalgia for the cathedral in particular sparked interest in the 1830s for restoring Notre Dame.UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #6: ...Of no other mountain than the colossal towers of the church; of no other ocean than Paris, roaring at their bases.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: It worked. In 1844, the restoration project began.TANNER: The irony there is that the constant restoration of that particular cathedral, built upon this nostalgic Romantic impulse, actually increases the risk of the cathedral falling victim to things like fire, which is what we think happened in 2019 when Notre Dame burned, that that was actually a result of it being restored too much or there was an attempt to renovate it too much. And it's kind of this lesson we can learn about trying to restore the past completely and fully and that it might actually end up in destruction of the thing that we long for.(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)KAPLAN-LEVENSON: The Romantic era was just one stream of nostalgia that fed into a global artistic expression of longing, yearning and reckoning with past and present as time barreled on. As the world continued to rapidly change and old ways of life slipped through people's fingers, they grasped on to what was left - memories; memories of where they'd been, what they'd had and who they used to be. Nostalgia became a name for the pleasure and pain in the space between the certainty of the past and the uncertainty of what was to come.(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #8: When we're born, emotional reactions are pretty much the same in everyone. But as we grow older, each of us develops his own individual set of response pattern. Why is that?KAPLAN-LEVENSON: The mid-20th century was a turning point in the psychological study of emotions.(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #8: And so we have examples of each of the three basic emotions - fear, rage and love.KAPLAN-LEVENSON: ...And nostalgia, which was being seriously studied as an emotion, perhaps thanks to the Romantic-era art world taking it under its wing. So in some ways, these psychological developments were sort of life imitating art. But some doctors were still on the fence.TANNER: Even as nostalgia starts to be considered more of a mood or an emotion through the 20th century, you still have some who think that it is pathological and needs to be cured out of people. There are a number of texts written in the first half of the 20th century by positivist psychologists and criminal psychologists, in fact, tryi