Electronic Tutorial Pdf
Dardo Hameed
This tutorial supplies basic information on how to use electronic components and explains the logic behind solid state circuit design. Starting with an introduction to semiconductor physics, the tutorial moves on to cover topics such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers, diodes, and transistors. Some of the topics and the circuits built with the components discussed in this tutorial are elaborately discussed in the ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS tutorial.
Howdy, I have big updates to the ELSE library and my Live Electronics Tutorial!
Raspberry Pi binaries for ELSE are still missing, but it'll be up soon. Find available releases on github while they don't show up in deken.: -else/releases/tag/v1.0-beta18
There are 30 new objects in ELSE. This is the first release over 300 objects and there's already 324 of them! I'm shocked on how much it's growing... I realize now how this library is unique in the number of objects towards DSP and audio processing. There are 219 tilde objects, that's more objects than Pd itself has, or all of cyclone...
As for my Live Electronics tutorial, which is based on this library, most of the changes reflect the new objects from the ELSE library. So then, most importantly, the reverb section just got a major upgrade. I'm also now including an appendix with s quick start on Data Structures! Check it out at -Electronic-Music-Tutorial/releases/tag/v1.0-beta-8
Only a week after my last update, I had to release a fix because I had badly screwed up the [function] object, that was bad... I enjoyed the opportunity to enhance the object as well. I just still need to figure out how to create a properties window.
This took kind of a while so there's lots and lots of new stuff and breaking changes. This is the 1st release to reach and exceed 450 objects (459 in total now, next milestone, 500 objects?). Total number of examples in the tutorial is now 477. Here are the release's highlights:
The goal of this page is to be a complete electronics tutorial for new players and seasoned ones who want to learn more about electronics, and to replace the existing electronics tutorial that has not been updated since 2011.
SPRK, found in the electronics menu, is the basis of all electronics in TPT. SPRK is an indestructible solid that cannot be placed, but it can be "drawn" on to metals and conductive elements. SPRK will transfer itself to any conductive elements within 2 pixels. This allows SPRK to move along conductive elements, which include all metals, WATR and SLTW, MERC, and QRTZ (when under pressure). As seen below, different conductors (METL, GOLD, WATR, and SLTW) conduct at different speeds.
When a conductive element is sparked, it is replaced with SPRK and the ctype of the SPRK is set to that element. The life of the SPRK is set to 4 and when it reaches 0, the SPRK will replace itself with its ctype, allowing it to turn back into the original element, but with a life set back to 4. The conductor will not be sparkable again until the life reaches 0 - meaning that 8 frames are required for one complete spark cycle.
The most basic conductors are METL, PSCN, and NSCN, which are found in the electronics menu. These are what you will use most of the time to transfer electricity. METL conducts to both PSCN and NSCN, and both PSCN and NSCN conduct to metal, as demonstrated below.
SWCH is an element that is used to control the flow of electricity by turning it on and off. SWCH is turned on and off by PSCN and NSCN, like many other powered elements you will learn about later, and conducts to and from METL.
WIFI makes it easy to transfer electricity instantly over long distances instead of using long wires. WIFI takes electricity from all conductors except NSCN, and will pass electricity to any NSCN, PSCN, or INWR. After placing a pixel of WIFI (it must be used in single pixels), you have to set the channel. WIFI has 100 temperature-dependent channels located every 100 degrees, which can be set manually using the PROP tool, but the recommended way is to use jacob1's Set WIFI script found in the Lua Script Manager. This useful tool simply asks you to input the channel number and sets it for you. As seen in the picture, WIFI's color is dependent on its channel.
INST is another way to transfer electricity instantly over long distances, but in the form of a wire. Unlike other conductive elements, INST can only take electricity from PSCN and can only conduct to NSCN and GOLD. It can not conduct to itself over 1-pixel gaps, and it can cross over itself freely, making it possibly one of the most useful electronic elements.
ARAY is an element that allows another way of transferring electricity over a long distance, and it is also the fastest conductor in the game, which helps with making electronic devices more compact and faster. Unlike other electronic elements, it must be triggered by an adjacent conductor, which must be METL, PSCN (which will be covered later), or INST. When triggered, it emits a line of BRAY (a hidden solid element) that fades away after 30 frames. If this BRAY hits a conductor, it will spark it.
FILT can be used to remove the 30-frame delay when firing ARAY, making it the fastest way to conduct electricity. Simply draw FILT where the BRAY beam will be, and use the ARAY. BRAY will disappear instantly inside FILT, and beams can intersect without creating points. BRAY that passes through FILT will take on the wavelength of the FILT.
PTCT and NTCT are elements found in the electronics menu that conduct electricity based on how hot they are. PTCT only conducts when cold (100 degrees). The easiest way to heat them is to spark a pixel of METL placed 1 pixel away, as PTCT and NTCT heat up to 200 degrees when there's sparked METL nearby.
If you are new to TPT and electronic engineering, you might be wondering what logic gates are. Logic gates are electronic devices that create an output based on inputs they receive. They work the same way in real-life electronic circuits and in TPT. Every basic logic gate has 2 inputs (with the exception of the NOT gate) and 1 output. Both the inputs and the output can be one of two states: ON and OFF, HIGH and LOW, or 1 and 0. In TPT, ON/HIGH/1 means that the output is sparked and OFF/LOW/0 means that it is not sparked. This tutorial will use HIGH and LOW.
While PTCT and NTCT can be used to make logic gates, they have mostly been replaced by much faster logic gates made using advanced ARAY techniques, which you will learn about later. However, it is still a good idea to learn how PTCT/NTCT logic works, because you might see it when looking at older electronics saves.
A XOR gate (eXclusive OR) will only output HIGH if one of its inputs is HIGH (not both). It is one of the more complicated gates to create at a small size in TPT, but luckily someone has already done that for you.
ARAY is used to spark PSCN within the conduction range of the SWCH, which turns it on, writing to the memory. INST is used to trigger ARAY which activates more ARAY directed through the SWCH. The BRAY will only pass through pixels of SWCH which are turned on by the PSCN, which effectively allows the memory to be read. Another INST-triggered ARAY sparks a pixel of NSCN next to each pixel of SWCH, which clears the memory.
This is done simply by moving everything closer together, using INSL as needed to prevent unwanted SPRK transfer. SWCH memory can be made even smaller by layering, which is beyond the scope of this tutorial. Larger arrays of SWCH memory are also possible, but are now considered obsolete because of CRAY memory, which is shown later.
By modifying the concept of SWCH memory, a shift register can be made. A shift register takes input data, either as serial (a series of pulses on one wire) or parallel (pulses on several wires), and can shift it in one direction, giving either a parallel or serial output. A serial-in parallel-out shift register is shown below.
A simple serial data link can be made using a parallel-in serial-out shift register to send data and a serial-in parallel-out shift register to receive data. This is the same principle by which real-life serial data protocols like USB and RS-232 work in hardware. However, in TPT, there is a much faster and simpler way of sending data serially using BRAY and FILT wavelengths which is shown later.
In order to read the output of a serial-in parallel-out shift register without shifting it, you can add SWCH memory to the output and connect the ARAY that reads the memory to the INST that shifts the register.
The horizontal ARAYs spark the NSCN, which sparks the INWR, which sparks the ARAYs that point to the output. This works because BRAY passes harmlessly through any INWR and ARAY in its path. The example only outputs a 3-bit binary number, but can easily be expanded.
DLAY is an electronic element found in the powered elements menu. It only conducts from PSCN to NSCN and creates a delay for an amount of frames determined by its temperature. The default temperature is 4 degrees, which will create a 4-frame delay.
FRAY is an electronic element that pushes or pulls particles when sparked based on its temperature. A positive temperature will push particles and a negative temperature will pull on them. With a high enough temperature, a single particle can be accelerated enough to break GLAS.
STOR is an electronic element that stores a single particle and releases it when powered with PSCN. It can be used to precisely dispense single particles instead of using PPIP. It can also directly pass to an adjacent PIPE or PPIP without any PSCN input.
There are 3 sensors in TPT which are all found in the sensors menu. They are DTEC, which sparks any nearby conductors if it detects a particle of its ctype in its detection range (this is set by tmp2, see the DTEC page for details), TSNS, which sparks any nearby conductors if it is touching a particle with a temperature higher than its own, and PSNS, which sparks any nearby conductors when the pressure is higher than its temperature.
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