星官 Chinese constellations
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Howard
May 24, 2015, 10:01:44 PM5/24/15
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Dear All, 諸位同學，
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Rh6pqElJGsb6tCm_r8bFTLJyHE7HarDTlmDG4eBUQ2i_0dbT7S4Y-vnX-vz0yjqOvBPZ-FZ926VQYKBfCjf-Ra
星官是古代汉族神话和天文学结合的产物。古代汉族天文学家为了
便于认星和观测，把若干颗恒星组成一组，每组用地上的一种事物命名，
這一组就称为一个星官，简称一官。
唐宋后也有称之为一座的。但这种星座并不包含星空区划的涵义，
与现今所说的星座概念有所不同。三国陈卓把石氏、甘氏、巫咸
家星官合并组成一个283星官，共1465颗星的星官系统，
为後代天文学家所沿用。 外国星官
其实根据四大文明古国的古天文成就，可以发现，各文明古国的天文研究中，也不乏跟中国的“星官”相似的星区概念。
古埃及
由出土的星图发现，古埃及人认识的星有北极、天狼（古埃及称其为“天狗”）、白羊、天蝎等。古埃及恩的星区系统是将赤道附近的星分为三十六组，每组星数不等，涵盖十天，称为“旬星”。
古巴比伦
在今幼发拉底河和底格里斯河即“两河流域”一带，又称美索不达米亚（希腊语为“两河之间的土地”），从公元前三千年左右开始到公元前后，始终使用楔形文字。他们取得的天文学成就中，关于星区的概念就有将黄道带的恒星划分为12个星座，即演变成今天的“黄道十二宫”。
古印度
古印度人划分黄道的方法不同于古巴比伦，而是分成二十七部分，每部分均称“纳沙特拉”，翻译过来就是“月站”的意思，这也称“二十七宿”。据记载“二十七宿”的全名最早出现在《鹧鸪氏梵书》里，第一宿为“昴宿”。而在《摩诃婆罗多》里则是以“牛郎星”为第一宿，即通称的“天鹰星α星”，中国古称“河鼓二”。后来又换以“白羊座β星”即中国古称“娄宿一”为第一宿。印度“二十七宿”上按等分划分的，但由于客观因素，各宿的起点不一定正好有较亮的星，于是他们就选择该宿范围内最高亮度的一颗星为各个宿命名。印度也有跟中国古天文中“二十八宿”同名的划分星区的方法，它位于“人马座α星”即中国古称“天渊三”和“天鹰座α星”间，名为“阿皮季德”，译文为“麦粒”。
Chinese constellations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations
星官
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%98
Three Enclosures
The Three Enclosures are the Purple Forbidden Enclosure
( 紫微垣 , Zǐ Wēi Yuán), the Supreme Palace Enclosure
( 太微垣 , Tài Wēi Yuán) and the Heavenly Market Enclosure
( 天市垣 , Tiān Shì Yuán).
The Purple Forbidden Enclosure occupies the northernmost area
of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese,
the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and
is circled by all the other stars.
The Supreme Palace Enclosure lies east and north to
the Purple Forbidden Enclosure, while the Heavenly Market
Enclosure lies west and south.
The Three Enclosures are separated by "walls", which are
asterisms with their shapes resembling their namesakes.
The Twenty-Eight Mansions
The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols, each associated with a compass direction and containing seven mansions. The names and determinative stars are: [3][4]
2 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
Four Symbols ( 四象 )
Azure Dragon of the East (Seiryu) ( 東方青龍 ) Spring
Black Tortoise of the North (Genbu) ( 北方玄武 ) Winter
White Tiger of the West (byakko) ( 西方白虎 ) Fall
Vermilion Bird of the South (Suzaku)
Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mansion ( 宿 )
Name (pinyin) 角 (Jiăo)Hornα Vir 亢 (Kàng)Neckκ Vir 氐 (Dĭ)Rootα Lib 房 (Fáng)Roomπ Sco 心 (Xīn)Heartσ Sco 尾 (Wěi)Tailμ Sco Winnowing 箕 (Jī)γ Sgr Basket (Southern) 斗 (Dǒu)φ Sgr Dipper 牛 (Niú)Oxβ Cap 女 (Nǚ)Girlε Aqr 虛 (Xū)Emptinessβ Aqr 危 (Wēi)Rooftopα Aqr 室 (Shì)Encampmentα Peg 壁 (Bì)Wallγ Peg 奎 (Kuí)Legsη And 婁 (Lóu)Bondβ Ari 胃 (Wèi)Stomach35 Ari 昴 (Mǎo)Hairy Head17 Tau 畢 (Bì)Netε Tau 觜 (Zī)Turtle Beakλ Ori 參 (Shēn)Three Starsζ Ori 井 (Jǐng)Wellμ Gem 鬼 (Guǐ)Ghostθ Cnc 柳 (Liǔ)Willowδ Hya
Translation
Determinative star
3 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
( 南方朱雀 ) Summer
The asterisms are :
English name
Cross Horse's Tail Horse's Abdomen Bee Triangle Exotic Bird Peacock Persia Snake's Tail Snake's Abdomen Snake's Head Bird's Beak Crane Firebird
25 26 27 28
The Southern Asterisms ( 近南極星區 )
Chinese name 十字架
馬尾
馬腹
蜜蜂
三角形
異雀
孔雀
波斯
蛇尾
蛇腹
蛇首
鳥喙
鶴
火鳥
星 (Xīng)Starα Hya 張 (Zhāng)Extended Netυ¹ Hya 翼 (Yì)Wingsα Crt 軫 (Zhěn)Chariotγ Crv
The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi introduced another 23 asterisms based on the knowledge of Hellenistic star charts. [5] These asterisms were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps.
Number of stars 4Crux 3Centaurus 3Centaurus 4Musca 3Triangulum Australe 9Apus / Octans 11Pavo 11Indus / Telescopium 4Octans / Hydrus 4Hydrus 2Hydrus / Reticulum 7Tucana 12Grus / Tucana 10Phoenix / Sculptor
Hellenistic Constellation
4 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
Crooked Running Water White Patched Nearby White Patches Attached Goldfish Sea Rock Flying Fish Southern Boat Little Dipper
Placement of IAU constellations
Andromeda ( 仙女座 ) Apus ( 天燕座 ) Aquarius ( 寶瓶 座 ) Aquila ( 天鷹 座 ) Ara ( 天壇座 ) Aries ( 白羊座 ) Auriga ( 御夫 座 ) Boötes ( 牧夫 座 ) Camelopardalis ( 鹿豹座 ) Cancer ( 巨蟹 座 ) Canes Venatici ( 獵犬座 )
水委 Shui Wei3Eridanus / Phoenix
附白
夾白
金魚
海石
飛魚
南船
小斗
Columba ( 天 鴿座 ) Coma Berenices ( 后髮座 ) Corona Australis ( 南 冕座 ) Corona Borealis ( 北 冕座 ) Corvus ( 烏 鴉座 ) Crater ( 巨爵 座 ) Crux ( 南十 字座 ) Cygnus ( 天 鵝座 )
2Hydrus
2Reticulum / Dorado
5Dorado 5Carina 6Volans 5Carina 9Chamaeleon
The list below gives the placement of IAU constellations within the Chinese system:
Lacerta ( 蝎虎 座 ) Leo ( 獅子座 ) Leo Minor ( 小獅座 ) Lepus( 天兔 座 ) Libra ( 天秤 座 ) Lupus ( 豺狼 座 ) Lynx ( 天貓 座 ) Lyra ( 天琴座 ) Microscopium ( 顯微鏡座 ) Monoceros ( 麒麟座 ) Musca ( 蒼蠅
Puppis ( 船尾 座 ) Pyxis ( 羅盤 座 ) Reticulum ( 網罟座 ) Sagitta ( 天箭 座 ) Sagittarius ( 人馬座 ) Scorpius ( 天 蝎座 ) Sculptor ( 玉 夫座 ) Scutum ( 盾 牌座 ) Serpens ( 巨 蛇座 ) Sextans ( 六
5 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
Canis Major ( 大犬座 ) Canis Minor ( 小犬座 ) Capricornus ( 摩羯座 ) Carina ( 船底 座 ) Cassiopeia ( 仙 后座 ) Centaurus ( 半 人馬座 ) Cepheus ( 仙王 座 ) Cetus ( 鯨魚座 ) Chamaeleon ( 蝘蜓座 )
Delphinus ( 海豚座 ) Dorado ( 劍 魚座 ) Draco ( 天龍 座 ) Equuleus ( 小 馬座 ) Eridanus ( 波 江座 ) Fornax ( 天 爐座 ) Gemini ( 雙 子座 ) Grus ( 天鶴 座 ) Hercules ( 武 仙座 ) Hydra ( 長蛇 座 ) Hydrus ( 水 蛇座 ) Indus ( 印第 安座 )
Chinese Star Designation
Main article: Traditional Chinese star names
座 ) Octans ( 南極 座 ) Ophiuchus ( 蛇夫座 ) Orion ( 獵 戶 座 ) Pavo ( 孔雀 座 ) Pegasus ( 飛馬 座 ) Perseus ( 英仙 座 ) Phoenix ( 鳳 凰座 ) Pisces ( 雙魚 座 ) Piscis Austrinus ( 南 魚座 )
分仪座 ) Taurus ( 金牛 座 ) Telescopium ( 望远镜座 ) Triangulum ( 三角座 ) Triangulum Australe ( 南 三角座 ) Tucana ( 杜鵑 座 ) Ursa Major ( 大熊座 ) Ursa Minor ( 小熊座 ) Vela ( 船帆 座 ) Virgo ( 室女 座 ) Volans ( 飛魚 座 )
Ancient Chinese astronomers designated names to the visible stars systematically, roughly more than one thousand years before Johann Bayer did it in a similar way. Basically, every star is assigned to an asterism. Then a number is given to the individual stars in this asterism. Therefore, a star is designated as "Asterism name" + "Number". The numbering of the stars in an asterism, however, is not based on the apparent magnitude of this star, but rather its position in the asterism. (The Bayer system does use this Chinese method sometimes, most notably with the stars in the Big Dipper, which are all about the same magnitude.)
6 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
For example, Altair is named 河鼓二 in Chinese. 河鼓 is the name of the asterism (literally the Drum at the River). 二 is the number designation (two). Therefore it literally means "the Second Star of the Drum at the River". (Bayer might have called Altair "Beta Tympani Flumine" if he had been cataloguing Chinese constellations.)
Some stars also have traditional names, often related to mythology or astrology. For example, Altair is more commonly known as 牛郎星 or 牵牛星 (the Star of the Cowherd) in Chinese, after the mythological story of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl.
These designations are still used in modern Chinese astronomy. All stars for which the traditional names are used in English are routinely translated by their traditional Chinese designations, rather than translations of their catalogue names.
See also
References
1.
2.
Chinese calendar Four Symbols (Chinese constellation) lunar mansion Five elements (Chinese) Nakshatra Traditional Chinese star names
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Rh6pqElJGsb6tCm_r8bFTLJyHE7HarDTlmDG4eBUQ2i_0dbT7S4Y-vnX-vz0yjqOvBPZ-FZ926VQYKBfCjf-Ra
星官是古代汉族神话和天文学结合的产物。古代汉族天文学家为了
便于认星和观测，把若干颗恒星组成一组，每组用地上的一种事物命名，
這一组就称为一个星官，简称一官。
唐宋后也有称之为一座的。但这种星座并不包含星空区划的涵义，
与现今所说的星座概念有所不同。三国陈卓把石氏、甘氏、巫咸
家星官合并组成一个283星官，共1465颗星的星官系统，
为後代天文学家所沿用。 外国星官
其实根据四大文明古国的古天文成就，可以发现，各文明古国的天文研究中，也不乏跟中国的“星官”相似的星区概念。
古埃及
由出土的星图发现，古埃及人认识的星有北极、天狼（古埃及称其为“天狗”）、白羊、天蝎等。古埃及恩的星区系统是将赤道附近的星分为三十六组，每组星数不等，涵盖十天，称为“旬星”。
古巴比伦
在今幼发拉底河和底格里斯河即“两河流域”一带，又称美索不达米亚（希腊语为“两河之间的土地”），从公元前三千年左右开始到公元前后，始终使用楔形文字。他们取得的天文学成就中，关于星区的概念就有将黄道带的恒星划分为12个星座，即演变成今天的“黄道十二宫”。
古印度
古印度人划分黄道的方法不同于古巴比伦，而是分成二十七部分，每部分均称“纳沙特拉”，翻译过来就是“月站”的意思，这也称“二十七宿”。据记载“二十七宿”的全名最早出现在《鹧鸪氏梵书》里，第一宿为“昴宿”。而在《摩诃婆罗多》里则是以“牛郎星”为第一宿，即通称的“天鹰星α星”，中国古称“河鼓二”。后来又换以“白羊座β星”即中国古称“娄宿一”为第一宿。印度“二十七宿”上按等分划分的，但由于客观因素，各宿的起点不一定正好有较亮的星，于是他们就选择该宿范围内最高亮度的一颗星为各个宿命名。印度也有跟中国古天文中“二十八宿”同名的划分星区的方法，它位于“人马座α星”即中国古称“天渊三”和“天鹰座α星”间，名为“阿皮季德”，译文为“麦粒”。
Chinese constellations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations
星官
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%98
Three Enclosures
The Three Enclosures are the Purple Forbidden Enclosure
( 紫微垣 , Zǐ Wēi Yuán), the Supreme Palace Enclosure
( 太微垣 , Tài Wēi Yuán) and the Heavenly Market Enclosure
( 天市垣 , Tiān Shì Yuán).
The Purple Forbidden Enclosure occupies the northernmost area
of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese,
the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and
is circled by all the other stars.
The Supreme Palace Enclosure lies east and north to
the Purple Forbidden Enclosure, while the Heavenly Market
Enclosure lies west and south.
The Three Enclosures are separated by "walls", which are
asterisms with their shapes resembling their namesakes.
The Twenty-Eight Mansions
The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols, each associated with a compass direction and containing seven mansions. The names and determinative stars are: [3][4]
2 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
Four Symbols ( 四象 )
Azure Dragon of the East (Seiryu) ( 東方青龍 ) Spring
Black Tortoise of the North (Genbu) ( 北方玄武 ) Winter
White Tiger of the West (byakko) ( 西方白虎 ) Fall
Vermilion Bird of the South (Suzaku)
Number
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Mansion ( 宿 )
Name (pinyin) 角 (Jiăo)Hornα Vir 亢 (Kàng)Neckκ Vir 氐 (Dĭ)Rootα Lib 房 (Fáng)Roomπ Sco 心 (Xīn)Heartσ Sco 尾 (Wěi)Tailμ Sco Winnowing 箕 (Jī)γ Sgr Basket (Southern) 斗 (Dǒu)φ Sgr Dipper 牛 (Niú)Oxβ Cap 女 (Nǚ)Girlε Aqr 虛 (Xū)Emptinessβ Aqr 危 (Wēi)Rooftopα Aqr 室 (Shì)Encampmentα Peg 壁 (Bì)Wallγ Peg 奎 (Kuí)Legsη And 婁 (Lóu)Bondβ Ari 胃 (Wèi)Stomach35 Ari 昴 (Mǎo)Hairy Head17 Tau 畢 (Bì)Netε Tau 觜 (Zī)Turtle Beakλ Ori 參 (Shēn)Three Starsζ Ori 井 (Jǐng)Wellμ Gem 鬼 (Guǐ)Ghostθ Cnc 柳 (Liǔ)Willowδ Hya
Translation
Determinative star
3 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
( 南方朱雀 ) Summer
The asterisms are :
English name
Cross Horse's Tail Horse's Abdomen Bee Triangle Exotic Bird Peacock Persia Snake's Tail Snake's Abdomen Snake's Head Bird's Beak Crane Firebird
25 26 27 28
The Southern Asterisms ( 近南極星區 )
Chinese name 十字架
馬尾
馬腹
蜜蜂
三角形
異雀
孔雀
波斯
蛇尾
蛇腹
蛇首
鳥喙
鶴
火鳥
星 (Xīng)Starα Hya 張 (Zhāng)Extended Netυ¹ Hya 翼 (Yì)Wingsα Crt 軫 (Zhěn)Chariotγ Crv
The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, by the end of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi introduced another 23 asterisms based on the knowledge of Hellenistic star charts. [5] These asterisms were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps.
Number of stars 4Crux 3Centaurus 3Centaurus 4Musca 3Triangulum Australe 9Apus / Octans 11Pavo 11Indus / Telescopium 4Octans / Hydrus 4Hydrus 2Hydrus / Reticulum 7Tucana 12Grus / Tucana 10Phoenix / Sculptor
Hellenistic Constellation
4 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
Crooked Running Water White Patched Nearby White Patches Attached Goldfish Sea Rock Flying Fish Southern Boat Little Dipper
Placement of IAU constellations
Andromeda ( 仙女座 ) Apus ( 天燕座 ) Aquarius ( 寶瓶 座 ) Aquila ( 天鷹 座 ) Ara ( 天壇座 ) Aries ( 白羊座 ) Auriga ( 御夫 座 ) Boötes ( 牧夫 座 ) Camelopardalis ( 鹿豹座 ) Cancer ( 巨蟹 座 ) Canes Venatici ( 獵犬座 )
水委 Shui Wei3Eridanus / Phoenix
附白
夾白
金魚
海石
飛魚
南船
小斗
Columba ( 天 鴿座 ) Coma Berenices ( 后髮座 ) Corona Australis ( 南 冕座 ) Corona Borealis ( 北 冕座 ) Corvus ( 烏 鴉座 ) Crater ( 巨爵 座 ) Crux ( 南十 字座 ) Cygnus ( 天 鵝座 )
2Hydrus
2Reticulum / Dorado
5Dorado 5Carina 6Volans 5Carina 9Chamaeleon
The list below gives the placement of IAU constellations within the Chinese system:
Lacerta ( 蝎虎 座 ) Leo ( 獅子座 ) Leo Minor ( 小獅座 ) Lepus( 天兔 座 ) Libra ( 天秤 座 ) Lupus ( 豺狼 座 ) Lynx ( 天貓 座 ) Lyra ( 天琴座 ) Microscopium ( 顯微鏡座 ) Monoceros ( 麒麟座 ) Musca ( 蒼蠅
Puppis ( 船尾 座 ) Pyxis ( 羅盤 座 ) Reticulum ( 網罟座 ) Sagitta ( 天箭 座 ) Sagittarius ( 人馬座 ) Scorpius ( 天 蝎座 ) Sculptor ( 玉 夫座 ) Scutum ( 盾 牌座 ) Serpens ( 巨 蛇座 ) Sextans ( 六
5 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
Canis Major ( 大犬座 ) Canis Minor ( 小犬座 ) Capricornus ( 摩羯座 ) Carina ( 船底 座 ) Cassiopeia ( 仙 后座 ) Centaurus ( 半 人馬座 ) Cepheus ( 仙王 座 ) Cetus ( 鯨魚座 ) Chamaeleon ( 蝘蜓座 )
Delphinus ( 海豚座 ) Dorado ( 劍 魚座 ) Draco ( 天龍 座 ) Equuleus ( 小 馬座 ) Eridanus ( 波 江座 ) Fornax ( 天 爐座 ) Gemini ( 雙 子座 ) Grus ( 天鶴 座 ) Hercules ( 武 仙座 ) Hydra ( 長蛇 座 ) Hydrus ( 水 蛇座 ) Indus ( 印第 安座 )
Chinese Star Designation
Main article: Traditional Chinese star names
座 ) Octans ( 南極 座 ) Ophiuchus ( 蛇夫座 ) Orion ( 獵 戶 座 ) Pavo ( 孔雀 座 ) Pegasus ( 飛馬 座 ) Perseus ( 英仙 座 ) Phoenix ( 鳳 凰座 ) Pisces ( 雙魚 座 ) Piscis Austrinus ( 南 魚座 )
分仪座 ) Taurus ( 金牛 座 ) Telescopium ( 望远镜座 ) Triangulum ( 三角座 ) Triangulum Australe ( 南 三角座 ) Tucana ( 杜鵑 座 ) Ursa Major ( 大熊座 ) Ursa Minor ( 小熊座 ) Vela ( 船帆 座 ) Virgo ( 室女 座 ) Volans ( 飛魚 座 )
Ancient Chinese astronomers designated names to the visible stars systematically, roughly more than one thousand years before Johann Bayer did it in a similar way. Basically, every star is assigned to an asterism. Then a number is given to the individual stars in this asterism. Therefore, a star is designated as "Asterism name" + "Number". The numbering of the stars in an asterism, however, is not based on the apparent magnitude of this star, but rather its position in the asterism. (The Bayer system does use this Chinese method sometimes, most notably with the stars in the Big Dipper, which are all about the same magnitude.)
6 of 81/4/2014 10:04 PM
Chinese constellations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellation
For example, Altair is named 河鼓二 in Chinese. 河鼓 is the name of the asterism (literally the Drum at the River). 二 is the number designation (two). Therefore it literally means "the Second Star of the Drum at the River". (Bayer might have called Altair "Beta Tympani Flumine" if he had been cataloguing Chinese constellations.)
Some stars also have traditional names, often related to mythology or astrology. For example, Altair is more commonly known as 牛郎星 or 牵牛星 (the Star of the Cowherd) in Chinese, after the mythological story of the Cowherd and Weaver Girl.
These designations are still used in modern Chinese astronomy. All stars for which the traditional names are used in English are routinely translated by their traditional Chinese designations, rather than translations of their catalogue names.
See also
References
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Chinese calendar Four Symbols (Chinese constellation) lunar mansion Five elements (Chinese) Nakshatra Traditional Chinese star names
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