Van Stratum

[Lorin Searing]

Currentevidence shows senses 2, 3b, and 4 so used, with sense 3b the most common. Singular strata is persistent but not frequent. Strata may someday establish itself as a singular like agenda, but that use is still not established. We should also point out that there is a derivative culinary term strata, entered separately in this dictionary, which has a singular sense, denoting a layered and baked dish whose ingredients include eggs, bread, and cheese. For the edible strata the logical and usual plural is stratas, but strata is also used as a secondary plural (as in "several ham and cheese strata"), presumably by those for whom stratas looks like an error.

In geology, a stratum is a layer of rock or soil that is distinct from those above and below it. Rock and soil strata (notice the plural form) can be seen in road cuts, cliffs, quarries, riverbanks, and sand dunes, and in pieces of limestone, slate, and shale. Archaeologists digging in historical sites are careful to note the stratum where each artifact is found. Earth scientists divide the earth's atmosphere into strata, just as oceanographers divide the ocean's depths into strata. And for social scientists, a stratum is a group of people who are similar in some way, such as education, culture, or income.

The stratum overlay protocol was extended to support pooled mining as a replacement for obsolete getwork protocol in late 2012.The mining service specification was initially announced via Slush's pool's website[1].Shortly thereafter, alternative "cheat sheet" style documentation was provided by BTCGuild[2].As the extension lacks a formal BIP describing an official standard, it has further developed only by discussion and implementation[3].

The client may send this to inform the server of its capabilities and options.The singleton parameter is an Object describing capabilities;by default, it is considered as "notify":, "set_difficulty":[], but as soon as this method is used these must be explicitly included if desired.The "suggested_target" key may supersede the mining.suggest_target method.

The optional second parameter specifies a mining.notify subscription id the client wishes to resume working with (possibly due to a dropped connection).If provided, a server MAY (at its option) issue the connection the same extranonce1.Note that the extranonce1 may be the same (allowing a resumed connection) even if the subscription id is changed!

The client should disconnect, wait waittime seconds (if provided), then connect to the given host/port (which defaults to the current server).Note that for security purposes, clients may ignore such requests if the destination is not the same or similar.

The server can adjust the difficulty required for miner shares with the "mining.set_difficulty" method.The miner should begin enforcing the new difficulty on the next job received.Some pools may force a new job out when set_difficulty is sent, using clean_jobs to force the miner to begin using the new difficulty immediately.

Informs the client that future jobs will be working on a specific named goal, with various parameters (currently only "malgo" is defined as the mining algorithm).Miners may assume goals with the same name are equivalent, but should recognise parameter changes in case a goal varies its parameters.

The mining extensions have been criticised as having been developed behind closed doors without input from the wider development and mining community, resulting in various obvious problems that could have been addressed had it followed the standard BIP drafting process[4].

The mining extensions were announced after the community had spent months developing a mostly superior open standard protocol for mining (getblocktemplate)[5].Because stratum's mining extensions launched backed by a major mining pool, GBT adoption suffered, and decentralised mining is often neglected while stratum is deployed.

In geology and related fields, a stratum (pl.: strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes.[1] Prior to the publication of the International Stratigraphic Guide,[1] older publications have defined a stratum as either being either equivalent to a single bed or composed of a number of beds; as a layer greater than 1 cm in thickness and constituting a part of a bed; or a general term that includes both bed and lamina.[2] Related terms are substrate and substratum (pl.substrata), a stratum underlying another stratum.

Typically, a stratum is generally one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another to form enormous thicknesses of strata.[1] The bedding surfaces (bedding planes) that separate strata represent episodic breaks in deposition associated either with periodic erosion, cessation of deposition, or some combination of the two.[3][4] Stacked together with other strata, individual stratum can form composite stratigraphic units that can extend over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the Earth's surface. Individual stratum can cover similarly large areas. Strata are typically seen as bands of different colored or differently structured material exposed in cliffs, road cuts, quarries, and river banks. Individual bands may vary in thickness from a few millimeters to several meters or more. A band may represent a specific mode of deposition: river silt, beach sand, coal swamp, sand dune, lava bed, etc.

In the study of rock and sediment strata, geologists have recognized a number of different types of strata, including bed, flow, band, and key bed.[1][5] A bed is a single stratum that is lithologically distinguishable from other layers above and below it. In the classification hierarchy of sedimentary lithostratigraphic units, a bed is the smallest formal unit. However, only beds that are distinctive enough to be useful for stratigraphic correlation and geologic mapping are customarily given formal names and considered formal lithostratigraphic units. The volcanic equivalent of a bed, a flow, is a discrete extrusive volcanic stratum or body distinguishable by texture, composition, or other objective criteria. As in case of a bed, a flow should only be designated and named as a formal lithostratigraphic unit when it is distinctive, widespread, and useful for stratigraphic correlation. A band is a thin stratum that is distinguishable by a distinctive lithology or color and is useful in correlating strata. Finally, a key bed, also called a marker bed, is a well-defined, easily identifiable stratum or body of strata that has sufficiently distinctive characteristics, such as lithology or fossil content, to be recognized and correlated during geologic field or subsurface mapping.[1][5]

Hi,

Is there a way to specify a certain stratum when using the NTP pool?

For example, if I wanted all pool members that are stratum 1, I could use stratum1.pool.ntp.org or if I wanted stratum 2 servers, I could use stratum2.pool.ntp.org.

There is no way to select a Stratum 1 or Stratum 2 upstream pool member group, but chances are pretty high that the servers you connect with in the pool are Stratum 1 or Stratum 2. A 2018 research by the Ruhr-University in Buchum Germany -uni-bochum.de/media/emma/veroeffentlichungen/2018/04/23/euroSP18_ntp.pdf found that at that moment 10% of the pool members were Stratum 1, and another 73.6% were Stratum 2. You can find this info in Table 3 in the PDF document I linked to.

As the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum is the first line of defense for the body, serving an essential role as a protective skin barrier against the external environment. The stratum corneum aids in hydration and water retention, which prevents cracking of the skin, and is made up of corneocytes, which are anucleated keratinocytes that have reached the final stage of keratinocyte differentiation. Corneocytes retain keratin filaments within a filaggrin matrix, and the cornified lipid envelope replaces the keratinocyte plasma membrane. These flat cells organize in a brick-and-mortar formation within a lipid-rich extracellular matrix. Pathophysiology of the stratum corneum is typically secondary to either protein or lipid defects (see Illustration. Illustration of Cells of the Epidermis). Other clinically significant signs include parakeratosis, which is the incomplete maturation of keratinocytes, and the morphological retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. Abnormal parakeratosis of the stratum corneum can appear in patients with psoriasis, chronic eczema, and squamous cell carcinoma.[1] Scaling, or visible peeling and flaking of the skin, furthermore is a salient manifestation of diseases of the stratum corneum.[2][3][4]

The human stratum corneum comprises 15 or so layers of flattened corneocytes and is divided into two layers: the stratum compactum and the stratum disjunctum. The stratum compactum is the deep, dense, cohesive layer, while the stratum disjunctum is looser and lies superficially to the stratum compactum. As the stratum disjunctum continues to lose adhesiveness secondary to decreased inter-corneocyte adhesion, the cells desquamate.

The stratum corneum serves as the body's first barrier from the external environment. For the keratinocytes produced in the stratum basale, the goal is differentiation to the anucleated corneocytes that make up the stratum corneum. This most superficial layer of the epithelium prevents desiccation and serves as a shield against the environment. The two components of the stratum corneum, the extracellular lipid matrix, and the corneocytes, serve different functions. The corneocytes, which are the terminally differentiated keratinocytes, provide mechanical reinforcement, protect underlying mitotically active cells from ultraviolet (UV) damage, regulate cytokine-mediated initiation of inflammation, and maintain hydration. The extracellular lipid matrix that creates the brick and mortar organization of the stratum corneum regulates permeability, initiates corneocyte desquamation, has antimicrobial peptide activity, and excludes toxins, and allows for selective chemical absorption.[7][8][9][10]

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