Bond as investment option
dare philips
Bond Basics
Bond Basics: Introduction
The first thing that comes to most
people's minds when they think of investing is the stock market. After all,
stocks are exciting. The swings in the market are scrutinized in the newspapers
and even covered by local evening newscasts. Stories of investors gaining great
wealth in the stock market are common.
Bonds, on the other hand, don't have the same sex appeal. The lingo seems
arcane and confusing to the average person. Plus, bonds are much more boring -
especially during raging bull markets, when they seem to offer an
insignificant return compared to stocks.
However, all it takes is a bear market to remind investors of the virtues
of a bond's safety and stability. In fact, for many investors it makes sense to
have at least part of their portfolio invested in bonds.
This tutorial will hopefully help you determine whether or not bonds are right
for you. We'll introduce you to the fundamentals of what bonds are, the
different types of bonds and their important characteristics, how they behave,
how to purchase them, and more.
(Before proceeding, it would be helpful for you to know a little about stocks.
If you need a refresher, see our Stock Basics tutorial.)
Bond Basics: What Are Bonds?
Have you ever borrowed money? Of
course you have! Whether we hit our parents up for a few bucks to buy candy as
children or asked the bank for a mortgage,
most of us have borrowed money at some point in our lives.
Just as people need money, so do
companies and governments. A company needs funds to expand into new markets,
while governments need money for everything from infrastructure to social
programs. The problem large organizations run into is that they typically need
far more money than the average bank can provide. The solution is to raise
money by issuing bonds (or other debt instruments) to a public market. Thousands of investors then each
lend a portion of the capital needed. Really, a bond is nothing more than a
loan for which you are the lender. The organization that sells a bond is known
as the issuer. You can think of a bond as an IOU given by a borrower (the
issuer) to a lender (the investor).
Of course, nobody would loan his or her hard-earned money for nothing. The
issuer of a bond must pay the investor something extra for the privilege of
using his or her money. This "extra" comes in the form of interest payments, which are made at a predetermined rate and
schedule. The interest rate is often referred to as the coupon. The date on which the issuer has to repay the amount
borrowed (known as face value) is called the maturity date. Bonds are known as fixed-income securities because you know the
exact amount of cash you'll get back if you hold the security until maturity.
For example, say you buy a bond with a face value of $1,000, a coupon of 8%,
and a maturity of 10 years. This means you'll receive a total of $80
($1,000*8%) of interest per year for the next 10 years. Actually, because most
bonds pay interest semi-annually, you'll receive two payments of $40 a year for
10 years. When the bond matures after a decade, you'll get your $1,000 back.
Debt Versus Equity
Bonds are debt, whereas stocks are equity. This is the important distinction
between the two securities. By purchasing equity (stock) an
investor becomes an owner in a corporation. Ownership comes with voting
rights and the
right to share in any future profits. By purchasing debt (bonds) an investor
becomes a creditor to the corporation (or government).
The primary advantage of being a creditor is that you have a higher claim on
assets than shareholders do: that is, in the case of bankruptcy, a bondholder will get paid before
a shareholder. However, the bondholder does not share in the profits if a
company does well - he or she is entitled only to the principal plus interest.
To sum up, there is generally less risk in owning bonds than in owning stocks,
but this comes at the cost of a lower return.
Why Bother With Bonds?
It's an investing axiom that stocks return more than bonds. In the past, this
has generally been true for time periods of at least 10 years or more. However,
this doesn't mean you shouldn't invest in bonds. Bonds are appropriate any time
you cannot tolerate the short-term volatility of the stock market. Take two
situations where this may be true:
1) Retirement - The easiest example to think of is an individual living off a
fixed income. A retiree simply cannot afford to lose his/her principal as
income for it is required to pay the bills.
2) Shorter time horizons - Say a young executive is planning to go back for an
MBA in three years. It's true that the stock market provides the opportunity
for higher growth, which is why his/her retirement fund is mostly in stocks,
but the executive cannot afford to take the chance of losing the money going
towards his/her education. Because money is needed for a specific purpose in
the relatively near future, fixed-income securities are likely the best
investment.
These two examples are clear cut, and they don't represent all investors. Most
personal financial advisors advocate maintaining a diversified portfolio and
changing the weightings of asset classes throughout your life. For example, in
your 20s and 30s a majority of wealth should be in equities. In your 40s and
50s the percentages shift out of stocks into bonds until retirement, when a
majority of your investments should be in the form of fixed income.
Bond Basics: Characteristics
Bonds have a number of
characteristics of which you need to be aware. All of these factors play a role
in determining the value of a bond and the extent to which it fits in your
portfolio.
Face Value/Par Value
The face value (also known as the par value
or principal) is the amount of money a holder will get back once a bond
matures. A newly issued bond usually sells at the par value. Corporate bonds
normally have a par value of $1,000, but this amount can be much greater for
government bonds.
What confuses many people is that the par value is not the price of the bond. A
bond's price fluctuates throughout its life in response to a number of
variables (more on this later). When a bond trades at a price above the face
value, it is said to be selling at a premium.
When a bond sells below face value, it is said to be selling at a discount.
Coupon (The Interest Rate)
The coupon is the amount the bondholder will receive as interest payments. It's
called a "coupon" because sometimes there are physical coupons on the
bond that you tear off and redeem for interest. However, this was more common
in the past. Nowadays, records are more likely to be kept electronically.
As previously mentioned, most bonds pay interest every six months, but it's
possible for them to pay monthly, quarterly or annually. The coupon is
expressed as a percentage of the par value. If a bond pays a coupon of 10% and
its par value is $1,000, then it'll pay $100 of interest a year. A rate that
stays as a fixed percentage of the par value like this is a fixed-rate bond.
Another possibility is an adjustable interest payment, known as a floating-rate
bond. In this case the interest rate is tied to market rates through an index,
such as the rate on Treasury bills.
You might think investors will pay more for a high coupon than for a low
coupon. All things being equal, a lower coupon means that the price of the bond
will fluctuate more.
Maturity
The maturity date is the date in the future on which the investor's principal
will be repaid. Maturities can range from as little as one day to as long as 30
years (though terms of 100 years have been issued).
A bond that matures in one year is much more predictable and thus less risky
than a bond that matures in 20 years. Therefore, in general, the longer the
time to maturity, the higher the interest rate. Also, all things being equal, a
longer term bond will fluctuate more than a shorter term bond.
Issuer
The issuer of a bond is a crucial factor to consider, as the issuer's stability
is your main assurance of getting paid back. For example, the U.S. government
is far more secure than any corporation. Its default risk (the chance of the debt not being
paid back) is extremely small - so small that U.S. government securities are
known as risk-free assets. The reason behind this is that a
government will always be able to bring in future revenue through taxation. A
company, on the other hand, must continue to make profits, which is far from
guaranteed. This added risk means corporate bonds must offer a higher yield in order to entice investors - this is the risk/return tradeoff in action.
The bond rating system helps investors determine a
company's credit risk. Think of a bond rating as the report card for a
company's credit rating. Blue-chip firms, which are safer investments,
have a high rating, while risky companies have a low rating. The chart below
illustrates the different bond rating scales from the major rating agencies in
the U.S.: Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch Ratings.
|
Bond Rating |
Grade |
Risk |
|
|
Moody's |
S&P/ Fitch |
||
|
Aaa |
AAA |
Investment |
Highest Quality |
|
Aa |
AA |
Investment |
High Quality |
|
A |
A |
Investment |
Strong |
|
Baa |
BBB |
Investment |
Medium Grade |
|
Ba, B |
BB, B |
Junk |
Speculative |
|
Caa/Ca/C |
CCC/CC/C |
Junk |
Highly Speculative |
|
C |
D |
Junk |
In Default |
Notice that if the company falls below a certain credit rating, its grade
changes from investment quality to junk status. Junk bonds are aptly named:
they are the debt of companies in some sort of financial difficulty. Because
they are so risky, they have to offer much higher yields than any other debt.
This brings up an important point: not all bonds are inherently safer than
stocks. Certain types of bonds can be just as risky, if not riskier, than
stocks.
Bond Basics: Yield, Price And Other Confusion
Understanding the price fluctuation
of bonds is probably the most confusing part of this lesson. In fact, many new
investors are surprised to learn that a bond's price changes on a daily basis,
just like that of any other publicly-traded security. Up to this point, we've
talked about bonds as if every investor holds them to maturity. It's true that
if you do this you're guaranteed to get your principal back; however, a bond
does not have to be held to maturity. At any time, a bond can be sold in the
open market, where the price can fluctuate - sometimes dramatically. We'll get
to how price changes in a bit. First, we need to introduce the concept of
yield.
Measuring Return With Yield
Yield is a figure that shows the return you get on a bond. The simplest version
of yield is calculated using the following formula: yield = coupon
amount/price. When you buy a bond at par, yield is equal to the interest rate.
When the price changes, so does the yield.
Let's demonstrate this with an example. If you buy a bond with a 10% coupon at
its $1,000 par value, the yield is 10% ($100/$1,000). Pretty simple stuff. But
if the price goes down to $800, then the yield goes up to 12.5%. This happens
because you are getting the same guaranteed $100 on an asset that is worth $800
($100/$800). Conversely, if the bond goes up in price to $1,200, the yield
shrinks to 8.33% ($100/$1,200).
Yield To Maturity
Of course, these matters are always more complicated in real life. When bond
investors refer to yield, they are usually referring to yield to maturity (YTM). YTM is a more advanced yield
calculation that shows the total return you will receive if you hold the bond
to maturity. It equals all the interest payments you will receive (and assumes
that you will reinvest the interest payment at the same rate as the current
yield on the bond) plus any gain (if you purchased at a discount) or loss (if
you purchased at a premium).
Knowing how to calculate YTM isn't important right now. In fact, the
calculation is rather sophisticated and beyond the scope of this tutorial. The
key point here is that YTM is more accurate and enables you to compare bonds
with different maturities and coupons.
Putting It All Together: The Link Between Price And Yield
The relationship of yield to price can be summarized as follows: when price
goes up, yield goes down and vice versa. Technically, you'd say the bond's
price and its yield are inversely related.
Here's a commonly asked question: How can high yields and high prices both be
good when they can't happen at the same time? The answer depends on your point
of view. If you are a bond buyer, you want high yields. A buyer wants to pay
$800 for the $1,000 bond, which gives the bond a high yield of 12.5%. On the
other hand, if you already own a bond, you've locked in your interest rate, so
you hope the price of the bond goes up. This way you can cash out by selling
your bond in the future.
Price In The Market
So far we've discussed the factors of face value, coupon, maturity, issuers and
yield. All of these characteristics of a bond play a role in its price. However,
the factor that influences a bond more than any other is the level of
prevailing interest rates in the economy. When interest rates rise, the prices
of bonds in the market fall, thereby raising the yield of the older bonds and
bringing them into line with newer bonds being issued with higher coupons. When
interest rates fall, the prices of bonds in the market rise, thereby lowering
the yield of the older bonds and bringing them into line with newer bonds being
issued with lower coupons.
Bond Basics: Different Types Of Bonds
Government Bonds
In general, fixed-income securities are classified according to the length of
time before maturity. These are the three main categories:
Bills - debt securities maturing in less than one year.
Notes - debt securities maturing in one to 10 years.
Bonds - debt securities maturing in more than 10 years.
Marketable securities from the U.S. government - known collectively as
Treasuries - follow this guideline and are issued as Treasury bonds, Treasury notes and Treasury bills (T-bills). Technically speaking, T-bills
aren't bonds because of their short maturity. (You can read more about T-bills
in our Money Market tutorial.) All debt issued by Uncle
Sam is regarded as extremely safe, as is the debt of any stable country. The
debt of many developing countries, however, does carry substantial risk. Like
companies, countries can default
on payments.
Municipal Bonds
Municipal bonds, known as "munis", are the next progression in terms
of risk. Cities don't go bankrupt that often, but it can happen. The major
advantage to munis is that the returns are free from federal tax. Furthermore,
local governments will sometimes make their debt non-taxable for residents,
thus making some municipal bonds completely tax free. Because of these tax
savings, the yield on a muni is usually lower than that of a taxable bond.
Depending on your personal situation, a muni can be a great investment on an
after-tax basis.
Corporate Bonds
A company can issue bonds just as it can issue stock. Large corporations have a
lot of flexibility as to how much debt they can issue: the limit is whatever
the market will bear. Generally, a short-term corporate bond is less than five
years; intermediate is five to 12 years, and long term is over 12 years.
Corporate bonds are characterized by higher yields because there is a higher
risk of a company defaulting than a government. The upside is that they can
also be the most rewarding fixed-income investments because of the risk the
investor must take on. The company's credit quality is very important: the
higher the quality, the lower the interest rate the investor receives.
Other variations on corporate bonds include convertible bonds, which the holder can convert into
stock, and callable bonds, which allow the company to redeem
an issue prior to maturity.
Zero-Coupon Bonds
This is a type of bond that makes no coupon payments but instead is issued at a
considerable discount to par value. For example, let's say a zero-coupon bond
with a $1,000 par value and 10 years to maturity is trading at $600; you'd be
paying $600 today for a bond that will be worth $1,000 in 10 years.
Bond Basics: How To Read A Bond Table
|
|
Column 1: Issuer - This is the company, state (or province) or country
that is issuing the bond.
Column 2: Coupon - The coupon refers to the fixed interest rate that the
issuer pays to the lender.
Column 3: Maturity Date - This is the date on which the borrower will
repay the investors their principal. Typically, only the last two digits of the
year are quoted: 25 means 2025, 04 is 2004, etc.
Column 4: Bid Price - This is the price someone is willing to pay for
the bond. It is quoted in relation to 100, no matter what the par value is.
Think of the bid price as a percentage: a bond with a bid of 93 is trading at
93% of its par value.
Column 5: Yield - The yield indicates annual return until the bond
matures. Usually, this is the yield to maturity, not current yield. If the bond is callable it will have a "c--"
where the "--" is the year the bond can be called. For example, c10
means the bond can be called as early as 2010.
Bond Basics: How Do I Buy Bonds?
Most bond transactions can be
completed through a full service or discount brokerage. You can also open an account with
a bond broker, but be warned that most bond brokers require a minimum initial
deposit of $5,000. If you cannot afford this amount, we suggest looking at a
mutual fund that specializes in bonds (or a bond fund).
Some financial institutions will provide their clients with the service of
transacting government securities. However, if your bank doesn't provide this
service and you do not have a brokerage account, you can purchase government
bonds through a government agency (this is true in most countries). In the U.S.
you can buy bonds directly from the government through TreasuryDirect at http://www.treasurydirect.gov. The Bureau of the Public Debt
started TreasuryDirect so that individuals could buy bonds directly from the
Treasury, thereby bypassing a broker. All transactions and interest payments
are done electronically.
If you do decide to purchase a bond through your broker, he or she may tell you
that the trade is commission free. Don't be fooled. What typically happens is
that the broker will mark up the price slightly; this markup is really the same
as a commission. To make sure that you are not being taken advantage of, simply
look up the latest quote for the bond and determine whether the markup is
acceptable.
Remember, you should research bonds just as you would stocks. We've gone
over several factors you need to consider before loaning money to a government
or company, so do your homework!
Bond Basics: Conclusion
Now you know the basics of bonds. Not too complicated, is it? Here is a recap of what we discussed:
- Bonds are just like IOUs. Buying a bond means you are lending out your money.
- Bonds are also called fixed-income securities because the cash flow from them is fixed.
- Stocks are equity; bonds are debt.
- The key reason to purchase bonds is to diversify your portfolio.
- The issuers of bonds are governments and corporations.
- A bond is characterized by its face value, coupon rate, maturity and issuer.
- Yield is the rate of return you get on a bond.
- When price goes up, yield goes down, and vice versa.
- When interest rates rise, the price of bonds in the market falls, and vice versa.
- Bills, notes and bonds are all fixed-income securities classified by maturity.
- Government bonds are the safest bonds, followed by municipal bonds, and then corporate bonds.
- Bonds are not risk free. It's always possible - especially in the case of corporate bonds - for the borrower to default on the debt payments.
- High-risk/high-yield bonds are known as junk bonds.
- You can purchase most bonds through a brokerage or bank. If you are a U.S. citizen, you can buy government bonds through TreasuryDirect.
- Often, brokers will not charge a commission to buy bonds but will mark up the price instead.
--
Dare Philips AMIRE
darep...@gmail.com
www.darephilips.wordpress.com
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