An open hardware, general purpose microcontroller based on the AMTEL AVR series.
A number of official variants from Arduino, as well as a plethora of clones that run off the Arduino IDE (open source)
Some have lots of I/O capability, others more limited.
Its a good place for beginners to embedded systems. Experts will be frustrated by the IDE and other sw but happy to learn it is easy enough to get down to the silicon easily.
Lots of applications can be built off the arduino + 'shields' (daughter boards). Most are open source/hardware.
a PIC chip based controller originally designed for Eggbot. Drives two stepper motors with hardware shipped.
more limited controller than Arduino (PIC vs Avr) but quite serviceable.
development requires a bit more experience
A complete ARM based Linux System On A Chip (SoC)… has HDMI, ethernet, usb host, etc
MUCH more powerful than either of the other systems, but is NOT great at hardware control (at which others excel)
It has 8 general purpose IO (GPIO) ports but shortly you want to pair it with one of the other (AVR/PIC) boards to do more.