Alice Cooper (born Vincent Damon Furnier; February 4, 1948)[1] is an American rock singer whose career spans over five decades. With a raspy voice and a stage show that features numerous props and stage illusions, including pyrotechnics, guillotines, electric chairs, fake blood, reptiles, baby dolls, and dueling swords,[2] Cooper is considered by many music journalists and peers to be "The Godfather of Shock Rock".[3] He has drawn equally from horror films, vaudeville, and garage rock to pioneer a macabre and theatrical brand of rock designed to shock audiences.[4]
One night after an unsuccessful gig at the Cheetah club in Venice, Los Angeles, where the band emptied the entire room of patrons after playing just ten minutes, they were approached and enlisted by music manager Shep Gordon, who saw the band's negative impact that night as a force that could be turned in a more productive direction.[27] Shep then arranged an audition for the band with composer and renowned record producer Frank Zappa, who was looking to sign bizarre music acts to his new record label, Straight Records.[27] For the audition Zappa told them to come to his house "at 7 o'clock." The band mistakenly assumed he meant 7 o'clock in the morning. Being woken up by a band willing to play that particular brand of psychedelic rock at seven in the morning impressed Zappa enough for him to sign them to a three-album deal. Another Zappa-signed act, the all-female GTOs, who liked to "dress the Cooper boys up like full size Barbie dolls," played a major role in developing the band's early onstage look.[33][fn 2]
Their follow-up studio album Killer, released in November 1971, continued the commercial success of Love It to Death and included further single success with "Under My Wheels", "Be My Lover" in early 1972, and "Halo of Flies", which became a Top 10 hit in the Netherlands in 1973. Thematically, Killer expanded on the villainous side of Cooper's androgynous stage role, with its music becoming the soundtrack to the group's morality-based stage show, which by then featured a boa constrictor hugging Cooper on stage, the murderous axe chopping of bloodied baby dolls, and execution by hanging at the gallows. In January 1972, Cooper was again asked about his peculiar name, and told talk show hostess Dinah Shore that he took the name from a "Mayberry RFD" character.[citation needed]
With a string of successful concept albums and several hit singles, the band continued their grueling schedule and toured the United States again. Continued attempts by politicians and pressure groups to ban their shocking act only served to fuel the legend of Alice Cooper further and generate even greater public interest.[citation needed] Their 1973 US tour broke box office records previously set by the Rolling Stones and raised rock theatrics to new heights; the multi-level stage show by then featured numerous special effects, including Billion Dollar Bills, decapitated baby dolls and mannequins, a dental psychosis scene complete with dancing teeth, and the ultimate execution prop and highlight of the show: the guillotine. The guillotine and other stage effects were designed for the band by magician James Randi, who appeared on stage during some of the shows as executioner. In 2012 at Dragon Con, Randi and Cooper discussed their working relationship during this period.[48] The Alice Cooper group had now reached its peak and it was among the most visible and successful acts in the industry. Beneath the surface, however, the repetitive schedule of recording and touring had begun to take its toll on the band.[citation needed]
Jenna Guinn, practicum student from the University of North Texas, shares research and resources related to her work with the Mydolls Records at the University of Houston Special Collections.
Perhaps I am installing these wrong; When they ask to overwrite the skeleton.nif or anything related to XP32 or realistic rag dolls, I just say "yes to all" as I figure that is what overwrites the animations or placements in the first place.
Transcription from previously silenced genes can be induced by introduction of transcriptional activators (Fig. 1). In a special type of experimental design, nuclear gene expression of one kind of cell is switched to that of an embryo or other cell type, referred to as transcriptional reprogramming. Transcriptional reprogramming is achieved by different approaches, such as induced pluripotency, cell fusion, and nuclear transfer to eggs/oocytes [20]. However, it is generally accepted that the efficiency of transcriptional reprogramming is low [21]. This is due to the fact that gene expression is often repressed by layers of silencing mechanisms to maintain transcriptionally quiescent states [22]. Gene silencing seems to be progressively more difficult to reverse as cells become increasingly differentiated. This is exemplified by sequential epigenetic modifications for Oct4 silencing during ES cell differentiation [23, 24] and differential gene reactivation from the inactive X chromosome between epiblast stem cells and differentiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts [25]. Moreover, mechanisms and extents of gene silencing are different depending on each gene. Lahn and his colleagues [26, 27] have proposed that genes that are not expressed can be classified into two categories based on resistance to transcriptional activation during cell-fusion-induced reprogramming (Fig. 1); (1) genes that are silent in one cell type are expressed (activatable) when that cell is fused with another cell type in which that gene is already active, and (2) genes that are silent in one cell type remain inactive (occluded) when that cell is fused to another cell type in which that gene is active [26, 27]. The former activatable genes are not expressed because of the absence of transcriptional activators and/or the presence of repressors and introduction of activators is enough to induce transcription. The latter occluded genes are proposed to be inactive due to chromatin-based repression mechanisms that maintain silent states regardless of whether transcriptional activators are present. Full activation of occluded genes normally requires multiple cell divisions and a longer time exposure to a cellular milieu that supports transcription from occluded genes than activatable genes, implying that de-repression of chromatin-based inhibition proceeds gradually. Although the classification has been carried out in the context of cell-fusion-mediated reprogramming, this concept seems to be generally applicable to other reprogramming systems and cellular events. For example, addition of retinoic acid (RA) to cells can cause rapid induction of transcription from RA-responding genes such as Hox genes. These transcribed genes are most likely activatable ones since they can respond to activators (RA receptor in this case). On the other hand, in iPS experiments, expression of many embryonic genes from somatic cells requires several days and cell divisions, although known transcriptional activators of these embryonic genes are highly expressed in the somatic cells transduced [28, 29]. This result argues that silenced embryonic genes in somatic cells are likely to be occluded genes. It is important to know the states of gene silencing when we study gene activation and transcriptional reprogramming.
Nuclear actin and transcriptional activation. a Serum response factor (SRF) requires MAL, its coactivator, to achieve transcription from target genes. MAL translocates to nuclei, but is exported to the cytoplasm when it binds to monomeric actin, thus preventing transcriptional activation. When cytoplasmic actin is polymerized, the monomeric actin pool is decreased and hence MAL free from actin binding is increased, thereby inducing transcription from SRF target genes. b Retinoic acid (RA) activates the RA receptor (RAR) and RAR works as a transcriptional activator on its target genes together with Prep1 and N-WASP. N-WASP may recruit polymerized actin on active genes. c Nuclear actin levels are maintained by active nuclear import and export of actin. Importin 9 imports cytoplasmic actin to nuclei, while nuclear actin is exported to the cytoplasm by Exportin 6 (Exp6). High nuclear actin levels can support active transcription. d Nuclear co-repressor (NCoR) complexes inhibit transcription from Toll-like receptor-responsive genes. NCoR complexes contain Coronin 2A, which can bind to polymerized actin. Binding of actin polymers to Coronin 2A induces dissociation of NCoR complexes from silenced genes, thereby allowing transcriptional activation
Another interesting phenomenon during gene activation is translocation and accumulation of cytoplasmic actin to nuclei [19]. Actin dynamically shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Actin export from nuclei is accomplished by Exportin 6 [79]. However, it has been elusive whether cytoplasmic actin is actively imported into nuclei, although we know that cofilin is important for actin import in special circumstances, such as stress. Recently, importin 9 has been identified as a key molecule that actively imports cytoplasmic actin to nuclei possibly with cytoplasmic cofilin [80]. Moreover, this active maintenance of nuclear actin by importin 9 is necessary for maximal transcriptional activity for cells [80]. In accordance with this report, translocation of cytoplasmic β-actin to nuclei is observed during differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells towards macrophages; this entails activation of many genes for successful differentiation [19]. During differentiation, association of nuclear actin with Pol II is observed. ChIP-on-chip assays revealed a striking increase of nuclear actin binding to gene promoters (25 to 827 genes). Knockdown of β-actin inhibits Pol II binding to promoters, suggesting that nuclear translocation of actin during differentiation allows efficient recruitment of Pol II to target genes (Fig. 3c). Interestingly, when cells become quiescent, nuclear β-actin is depleted and Pol II binding to transcription sites is destabilized [81]. This report further supports the idea that nuclear actin levels are an important determinant of transcriptional activity.
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