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Plastic retarders are a cost effective alternative to mica or quartz which are generally 0.8mm thick and available in large sizes. Our stock range includes one wave plates which can be used as sensitive-tint plates in polariscopes to display small strain in a specimen by colour differences.
Our stock plastic retarders are available in both half-wave and quarter-wave types between 140-560nm and can be purchased directly from this page. Knight Optical also offer an extensive custom optics service thanks to our many years experience in the industry, and we are able to cut and shape plastic retarder sheets to size to fit individual applications.
Light is an example of a more general phenomenon called electromagnetic radiation, which also includes radio waves, x-rays, microwaves and the infrared. We can think of light as a wave which travels from its source, and in a vacuum it travels at the speed of light (it travels slower in other media, but in air it travels nearly at the speed of light in a vacuum). The light wave actually consists of a fluctuating electric field and a fluctuating magnetic field at right angles to each other, as the figure below shows. The blue wave is the changing electric field, the red wave is the changing magnetic field.
An example of an electromagnetic wave. The blue wave is the electric field, the red wave is the magnetic field. They are at right angles to each other, and the variation of one produces the other. As illustrated on the right, in this example the wave is travelling to the right, but if we looked at it end-on it would be coming towards us (a circle with dot in the middle is the way physicists show that something is coming out of the paper/screen).
Normally light is unpolarised, which basically means that the direction of the electric field vector ( as shown in the diagram above) can be in any direction and is always changing as light waves stream from the source. In the diagram below, the unpolarised light is shown with four different directions (vertically, horizontally, and at 45 degrees each side of the vertical), but in reality all directions occur for unpolarised light.
When light is reflected off of a surface, such as water in a lake, swimming pool or the sea, the reflected light is polarised. The reasons for this are more involved than I want to go into in this non-technical blogpost, but it has to do with the direction in which the electric field can jiggle the electrons in the surface of the water. It can jiggle the electrons in the plane of the surface, but not perpendicular to the surface. This leads to the reflected light being polarised, in the sense that the reflected wave only has a polarisation parallel to the surface of the water. This is illustrated in the figure below.
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Optical path differences ranging from a fraction of a wavelength up to several wavelengths can be readily estimated using a first order (or full wave) retardation plate. This versatile tool is known by several names, including a red plate, red-I (red-one) plate, lambda (λ) plate, gypsum plate, selenite plate, sensitive violet, or simply a color tint plate, and adds a fixed optical path difference between 530 and 560 nanometers (depending upon the manufacturer) to every wavefront in the field. The first order retardation plate is a standard accessory that is frequently utilized to determine the optical sign (positive or negative) of a birefringent specimen in polarized light microscopy. In addition, the retardation plate is also useful for enhancing contrast in weakly birefringent specimens.
The elegantly simple anatomy of a first order retardation plate is presented in Figure 1 for a typical commercial unit. Retardation materials employed in construction of the plate vary according to the application, but usually consist of either an optical mineral thin section (such as gypsum/selenite, quartz, calcite, or mica) or a highly aligned birefringent linear organic polymer sandwiched between two isotropic optically flat glass plates. Regardless of the material used in producing retardation, the optical path difference (usually inscribed on the retardation plate frame) and optical axis orientation of the birefringent retarding material must be carefully controlled so that the plate can add a known retardation value to both the high and low refractive index azimuths. As illustrated in Figure 1, the birefringent retardation material is positioned in a rectangular frame that is inserted into the microscope optical pathway at a 45-degree angle with respect to the transmission orientations of the polarizer and analyzer. The direction of the slow (high refractive index) axis of the wavefront ellipsoid is indicated on the retardation plate frame as a double-headed arrow accompanied by the Greek symbol for "gamma" (γ). In most cases, the slow axis orientation is perpendicular to the long dimension of the retardation plate frame, although this fact should be verified before attempting to use the instrument. Modern first order retardation plates are built in a frame having standardized DIN dimensions (6 20 millimeters) that will enable their use in a variety of microscopes.
The first order retardation plate is designed to introduce a relative retardation of exactly one wavelength (in the green or 550 nanometer region) between the ordinary and extraordinary wavefronts passing through the plate when the birefringent retardation material is illuminated by linearly polarized light at a 45-degree incident angle to the index ellipsoid. As a result, green wavelengths emerge from the retardation plate crystal still linearly polarized and having the same orientation as when they entered the retardation material (parallel to the polarizer). These wavelengths are perpendicular to the analyzer, thus are absorbed and do not pass through. The orthogonal wavefronts of all other wavelengths will experience some degree of retardation (less than a full wavelength) and will emerge from the retardation plate having varying degrees of elliptical polarization. These wavefronts are therefore able to pass a component vector through the analyzer. Subtracting the green wavelengths (blocked by the analyzer) from white light yields bright magenta-red, which results from a combination of all visible light spectral colors when the green wavelength band is missing. The magenta color observed in the microscope when a first order retardation plate is inserted into the optical train is a direct result of the events described above and is the origin for much of the common nomenclature describing this important qualitative tool.
The behavior of a quartz first order retardation plate in polarized white light, symbolized by a combination of red, green, and blue wavefronts, is reviewed in Figure 2. Without a specimen in the optical pathway (Figure 2(a)), the retardation plate induces an elliptical polarization vector to the red and blue waves as they pass through, but the green light travels through the quartz crystal as a linearly polarized wavefront that is absorbed by the analyzer. As a result, only a component of the red and blue waves is able to pass through the analyzer to produce a spectrum of white light minus the green wavelengths, which is seen in the microscope as a bright magenta background.
When a birefringent specimen with a wavefront ellipsoid parallel to the retardation plate is inserted into the optical pathway (Figure 2(b)), the relative retardation of orthogonal wavefronts is increased across the viewfield so that the color (red) now exhibiting linear polarized behavior is shifted to longer wavelengths. The blue and green wavelengths are elliptically polarized and interfere at the intermediate image plane to form a hue similar to second order blue (an addition color). Rotating the specimen by 90 degrees alters the relationship between the wavefront ellipsoids (Figure 2(c)) so that they are now perpendicular. In this case, the relative retardation of the orthogonal wavefronts is decreased across the viewfield and the shorter (blue) wavelengths emerge as linearly polarized light (only to be absorbed by the analyzer). Elliptically polarized green and red wavelengths ultimately recombine to form a first order yellow (subtraction) interference color.
Inserting a first order retardation plate into the optical path of a polarized light microscope introduces a dramatic display of interference colors in thin, birefringent specimens that is not only aesthetically beautiful, but also highly useful as an indicator of several optical properties. Quantitative evaluations of relative retardation and determinations of the index ellipsoid orientation are readily achieved with a first order retardation plate. In geological and materials investigations, first order retardation plates are often employed to determine specimen thickness and to identify birefringent crystalline and polymeric materials. The tool is capable of measuring retardations with an accuracy of approximately 2 nanometers in specimens that have relatively low (one-third of a wavelength) optical path differences.
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