So, I'll try to keep this simple. I've had an idea about adding firearms in a setting alongside sword users and the like with the caveat that everyone in this setting is capable of some type of magic. Obviously, it wouldn't be like modern day firearms at most, the most powerful firearms used by an individual would be comparable to MAYBE the Lever action rifle similar to a .30-30 Winchester using magic to enhance the bullets power, however they would have a max range of about 2-400 yards would be completely bolt action based and an ammo capacity of 3 before needing to reload which would regulate them to a backline artillery role.
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But even considering that I've been told it might just be too much and I'm better off using repeater crossbows instead since they would fulfill a similar function. Is there a way to make firearms work without overshadowing everything else?
Magic is arbitrary and you haven't specified very much about what it can or cannot do, so I'm going to set it aside. A world where some people ride on horseback with metal breastplates, swords, and handguns is very easy to envision, because it was ours for quite a long time.
Smooth-bore guns were known for being useless at longer ranges. In the American Revolution, solders were told not to shoot at anything more than 150 feet away because they were wasting bullets. That's where the "whites of their eyes" adage came from.
Before mass production became a thing, you had to go to a gunsmith if you needed to replace part of your gun. Precision machining was unknown, and sketchy metallurgy meant that your gun might not stay working for 100 shots before you needed to get it repaired. Misfires were common before we developed ammo with shells, and the need to have a person carry around raw gunpowder meant that the quality of the gunpowder wasn't guaranteed.
This is compounded if you live in a world of magic. Magic tends to be all about warping the laws of physics, and precision machines are generally incompatible with them. One tiny little warp in time-space can make a gun explode in your hand. As such, a gun owner would have to familiar with what they have to do with a gun to compensate for this.
Maybe they can't have the tight barrel tolerances, so you don't get as much pressure pushing the bullet forward. Maybe you have to re-align the mechanisms between each shot. Maybe a gun requires a magic compensation device that takes a bit of skill to keep working. The entire effort might make using a gun similar to using a 3d printer last decade. More trouble than it's worth unless you're really into it.
We think of bullets as things that'll punch through almost any armor. This isn't necessarily the case. Variations in how physics work in your world might result in armor that can resist bullets, or bullets that don't hit as hard. An arrow in our world has roughly the same energy as a .22 pistol bullet. If your people are heroically strong, however, or your bows are magically enhanced, then maybe they can get more energy into a bow shot than you can safely pack into a pistol.
These are things that we never notice while playing a game, but they're significant in the real world. In the Napoleonic wars, rifles had roughly the same lethality as longbows because they filled the air with smoke. Use of guns indoors on a regular basis will result in hearing loss, and you can't do it without attracting attention.
Have you ever had a teammate jump your case because you're doing something that they don't see the benefit of? This might be especially true if it's something that could alert the enemy, ruin your team's hearing, and is just plain stinky.
You end up with a relatively similar scenario to peasants & knights in a medieval army, where peasants were numerous but individually posed no threat to a well-armored (and mounted) knight in full armor, so that battles involve matching peasants vs peasants (to control ground, and keep your camp) and knight vs knight.
As a twist, you can add some "elite" adventurers/nobles/merchants with very expensive precision firearms and the training to make deadly use of them, which the other elites look down upon (it's the weapon of the masses, meh) while they are in fact quite effective.
I have been struggling to make swords useful along side guns. The only difference being that i needed to make them useful along side weapons like assault rifles and similar modern technology. Though there have been some methods i have seen that work in these circumstances.
Dune has a really subtle and neat way of making swords relevant when guns exist. Everyone has their own personal shield which blocks projectiles moving at a dangerous speed. I'd watched the movie several times and this didn't click with me until someone on YouTube pointed this out.
Not sure if it might be useful, but you can get an example of this in the Mistborn series, written by B. Sanderson (fourth book and after, first three books are in a medieval setting) where it is combined the magic system (hard magic system) and use of fireweapons.
In that system, some of the magic users can push away metallic objects, so when they perceive a metal object they can repel it from themselves (slow a bullet that comes towards you, or give an extra impulse to a bullet) while others can do the opposite (attract a bullet to themselves to prevent going from someone unarmored) among other types of magic.Perhaps, it provides with an idea of how to balance a magic world with guns.
Perhaps in order to enchant your weapons, you must enchant the part that hits the foe, and there's no mass enchantment, the weapon needs an individual spell. If you want to kill the werewolf, you must meticulously enchant every single bullet -- or just one blade. Or possibly a set of arrows, but the thing about arrows is that you can retrieve and re-use a high proportion of the time.
Therefore the rule is guns for mundane, swords for magic. REALLY dangerous monsters/wizard may need magical bullets, and REALLY rich people may use magical bullets against ordinarily magical monsters, but those are exceptions.
If you want some inspiration from existing fantasy works, just look at Star Wars. It's supposed to be set at a technological level that is in our future. Guns are the most commonly found weapons everywhere. And yet the one military force that usually trumps everything else in the galaxy is psychic monks with magic swords.
And indeed, a hundred and something years later and on the other side of the world, the Golden Age of Piracy was happening. People fought with handheld guns and cannons, but swords were still a thing in the battlefield.
Armor has always been used so it won't dissapear in it's entirely.How extensive its usage will be will depend on its required capabilities, the fashion of the fantasy society in question, and how many resources the buyer of military equipment is willing to expend in that particular area.That's something you'll have to decide on as its your fantasy(I presume).
If you don't wan't dedicated melee troops(of all types) to be obsolete in your world then the firearms cannot be breachloaders, just muzzleloaders.So your repeater(and presumably more common single shot breachloaders) would have to be too rare to be used as a standard weapon.
That's all assuming you want the non-magic weapons to function the same as in the real world, which you really don't have to if you don't want it to be like that.It's your world so you can have things work however you want.
How we dealt with firearms in a D&D campaign I was a part of was we made them exceptionally powerful but also extremely expensive. Our argument was that despite metalworkers being exceptionally skilled at making bladed weapons, they hadn't perfected the mass manufacture of reliable pressure bearing firearm components such as barrels so each one was labor intensive to make and thus expensive.
We also made it so ammunition was hand made and the ingredients scarce. Just like real blackpowder it required 3 different components that could be bartered for or produced. Slugs also had to be casted by hand. Then these could be combined before a battle or during downtime into "paper cartridges" which were ready to use at any time.
For cased ammunition we just made it expensive but you could reload it yourself for much cheaper. Guns that used cased ammunition were status symbols for people with alot of wealth, they were often masterpieces with engraving and such.
Sounds like alot of work right? It was, but the blackpowder in our universe was kinda magic infused so each shot did a significant amount of damage even at early levels. I distinctly remember taking the head off a goblin from some distance in one shot which was quite satisfying.
So, armour can be enhanced to make it bullet-proof, swords can be enhanced to make them be able to somehow defeat the bullet-proof armour, but the massive effort in enchanting every single bullet so it can pierce the otherwise bullet-proof armour would be too much.
Impure, despicable, untouchable castes of mercenaries are responsible for the muder at a distance. And it can happen, that the noble-man/samurai of your own side, turn on your "hired honorless" together with the remains of the other sides knights caste, turning it into a literal class warfare battlesite.
The gunusers would be shunned, forced to camp in a seperate camp, fetching water downriver, with a baggage (train), bundled together with the leppers, the cesspit-workers and other despised. So strong could the despise be for the "cowards" that society expects the sniper to debowel him/herself, once he/she kills a "noble" man on horse or a wizzard. The pay would have to be good, for anyone to consider this job.
And of course, there would be those, who would try to escape societies taboos. As in roving armies with guns, testing the caste structure at the limits of the known world for weaknesses, slowly taking the old world apart.
There would be a inquisition hunting the supply chains of guns - to prevent them from "Rolling pure swoards into poison pipes" - but then just cultural taboos wont cut it. The reason why japan never had more guns - was the lack of iron needed for that endavor. That could be a limiting fact of your world too, preventing firearms from taking over.
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