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The results were sobering: Active shooter drills in schools are associated with increases in depression (39%), stress and anxiety (42%), and physiological health problems (23%) overall, including children from as young as five years old up to high schoolers, their parents, and teachers. Concerns over death increased by 22 percent, with words like blood, pain, clinics, and pills becoming a consistent feature of social media posts in school communities in the 90 days after a school drill. These findings unveil even more reason to pause before rushing toward active shooter drills as a potential solution to school violence, as evidence suggests that they are causing lasting emotional and physical harm to students, teachers, and the larger community.
This research unveiled alarming impacts of active shooter drills on the mental health of the students, teachers, and parents who experience them. In their current state, active shooter drills threaten the wellbeing of entire school communities over prolonged periods of time, leaving those who are affected in need of continued support to process their aftermath.
Coupled with the above physical and mental health impacts, active shooter drills in schools also appear to spark a period of reflection on guns in schools and planning for the future. In the 90 days following drills, research suggests that online conversations feature significantly more words that show attempts to make sense of why something occurred, references to the past and what will happen in the future, and reflections on the experience itself and what feelings it evoked. This interpretation is derived from social media posts with more complex arguments that are rich with many details and more attributions, temporal references, and perceptions. It also includes a considerable increase in cursing.
Problem: Active shooter incidents are becoming more common, and although they are still rare compared with other shooting sites, incidents have increased in health care facilities. Agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, The Joint Commission, and the Emergency Nurses Association have emphasized that an action plan and training are essential for hospital preparedness.
Methods: Planning an active shooter simulation for the emergency department was a complex project and involved collaboration between the hospital's Emergency Management team, simulation staff, security, and ED leadership, which included the educators and clinical nurse specialist. Decisions were made related to appropriate location, equipment, and needs for the functional exercises. Scenarios also were developed with roles for the ED population and actors.
Results: A total of 204 staff members participated in the simulations between August and December of 2016. A survey was distributed to staff who attended the simulation. Ninety-two percent of staff felt more prepared to respond to an active shooter event and reported a 70% improvement in knowledge and preparation. Attendees reported their first response would be to flee the scene (66%), protect patients (15%), hide (7%), fight (6%), and call 911 (4%).
Implications for practice: The active shooter education included a didactic portion, a pre- and postsurvey, and the simulation event. The presentation focused on statistics of active shooters, possible threats, and the concepts of RUN, HIDE, and FIGHT. A Critical Incident Stress Management team member was present to ensure the emotional and psychological health of the participants. The debriefing was a crucial part of the simulation experience so staff could talk about their experience and express their concerns.
Soon after the shooting at Columbine High School in April 1999, schools began implementing active shooter drills. Soon, districts across the country followed suit. By the 2005-06 school year, 40 percent of public schools drilled students on lockdown procedures. By the 2015-16 school year - three years after the Sandy Hook shooting - that number had skyrocketed to 95 percent. In the 2017-18 school year, more than 4.1 million students endured at least one lockdown.
According to a new report by Everytown for Gun Safety, the National Education Association (NEA) and the American Federation of Teachers, unannounced active shooter drills are a detrimental and unproven school safety tactic.
In addition to criticizing unannounced shooter drills, the report also singles out so-called ALICE drills. ALICE stands for alert, lockdown, inform, counter, and evacuate. During these drills, schools carry out an actual simulation of a shooter situation, complete with pretend intruders who often fire off blanks or rubber pellets.
If shooter drills are to occur, the report recommends they be more thoughtfully designed and implemented. In addition to schools informing parents in advance, and letting student and educators know before they start, drills should at a minimum:
In an effort to improve school safety in Tennessee, Governor Bill Lee and the Tennessee General Assembly passed Public Acts Chapter 367 (2023) that requires active shooter training for every licensed armed security guard who provides security or patrol services in a public school, public charter school, private school, or church-related school. The following Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) was created to help provide a better understanding to licensees about how they will play a critical role in helping better protect Tennessee's future:
A: Every armed security guard providing security or patrol services in a public school, public charter school, private school, or church-related school must complete an 8-hour active shooter training prior to providing services in one of these types of schools.
A: No, unarmed guards are not required to complete active shooter training. However, any security guard who completes an approved active shooter training may submit proof to the Department and have the training added to his or her file.
A: Any public school, public charter school, private school, or church-related school. These are only primary and secondary schools, therefore, armed security guards providing services at public or private colleges and universities are not required to complete active shooter training prior to providing security or patrol services at these colleges and universities.
A: Effective July 1, 2023, all armed security guards must complete an approved active shooter training prior to providing security or patrol services in a public school, public charter school, private school, or church-related school.
A: Certified trainers who wish to be certified to provide active shooter trainings may contact the Department to submit an application and proof of qualifications to provide active shooter training. Proof of qualifications to provide this training may include a certificate from a nationally recognized organization, law enforcement agency, or other organization certifying individuals to provide these trainings to security guards.
A: At this time, there are no new fees associated with active shooter training requirements unless a guard or trainer is requesting a new/duplicate registration card or certificate to reflect any new certifications.
This DYNAMIC workshop, geared to members of the campus community, presents strategies to increase the likelihood of surviving an active shooter incident. The presentation covers the three steps for increasing your chances of surviving an active shooter:
In the midst of the chaos, anyone can play an integral role in mitigating the impacts of an active shooter incident. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) aims to enhance preparedness through a "whole community" approach by providing products, tools, and resources to help you prepare for and respond to an active shooter incident.
The man accused of massacring 11 Jews in an anti-Semitic rampage at a Pittsburgh synagogue this weekend is still relatively unknown, but appears to be the textbook fit of what law enforcement experts consider the lone mass shooter profile.
\"Typically these mass shooters tend to be ghosts in their own communities,\" Garrett said. \"Mass shooters tend to work alone, they tend to be paranoid, they tend to be somewhat delusional. They almost exclusively are completely isolated or mostly isolated from the rest of the world because they feel like they're on the outside of the world looking in.\"
Active shooter or Active Killer is what we call the perpetrator of a type of mass murder marked by rapidity, scale, randomness, and often suicide.
An Active Shooter is a situation where one or more suspects participate in a random or systematic attack with a demonstrated intent on killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area. In most situations Active Shooters use firearms and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims. The term Active Shooter may also apply to an individual armed with any type of weapon (e.g. firearm, knife, explosives, bludgeon, vehicle, etc.) and who poses an active threat. Their main objective is to inflict serious bodily injury or death rather than other criminal conduct. These situations evolve quickly and demand immediate law enforcement intervention to stop the attack and reduce harm to innocent victims.