[Berita Melayu] Johor
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Muhammad
Aug 15, 2005, 12:50:07 PM8/15/05
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جوهر دار التّعظيم Johor Darul Takzim
Image:Bendera_Johor.png Image:Lambang_Johor.png
State Flag Coat of Arms
State Motto: the state moto as appeared on the coat of arms reads "kepada Allah berserah" which literally means "all hopes is to God (Allah)"
Map showing Johor in Peninsular Malaysia
Capital Johor Bahru
Sultan Iskandar Al-haj
Chief minister Abdul Ghani Othman
Area 19,984 km²
Population
2.8 million comprising of a mixtures of Malays, Chinese, Indians and other minorities.
State anthem Lagu Bangsa Johor
Johor, formerly Johore (Jawi:جوهور), is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N. The capital and royal seat of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly Tanjung Puteri. The old capital is Johor Lama. The Arabic honorific of the state is Darul Ta'azim ("Abode of Dignity').
History of Johor
Main article: Sultanate of Johor
The name "Johor" originated from the Arabic word Jauhar, which literally means "Precious Stones". Founded in the early 16th century by the son of Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca, after fleeing from the Portuguese in Malacca, it grew into the Johor Empire that covered the Riau Archipelago. Unable to retake Malacca, Johor harassed and attacked the Portuguese during their 130 year rule. Johor became a thorn to the Portuguese in maintaining dominance within the Straits.
The history of Johor from the late 1500s to the late 1600s is characterised by a series of succession struggles interspersed with strategic alliances struck with regional clans and foreign powers to maintain its political and economic hold in the Straits. In competition with the Achehs of northern Sumatra and the port-kingdom of Malacca under Portuguese rule, Johor engaged prolonged warfare with their rivals, often striking alliances with friendly Malay states and in particular the Dutch. In 1641 Johor in cooperation with the Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca. By 1660, Johor had become a flourishing entrepôt, although weakening and splintering of the empire in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty.
In the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra controlled the political powers in the Johor-Riau Empire. However, in the early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene. In 1819, the Johor -Riau Empire was broken into the mainland Johor, controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Linggi, controlled by the Bugis. This is when the history of modern Johor began. In 1855, under the terms of a treaty between the British in Singapore and Sultan Ali of Johor, the control over the State was formally ceded to Dato' Temenggong Daing Ibrahim, with the exception of the Kesang area (Muar), which was finally handed over in 1877. Temenggong Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri (later to become Johor's present-day capital) in south Johor as a major town.
Flag of Johor. The colour blue represents the State Government, the colour red for warriors defending the state, the white crescent and 5 sided star represent the monarchy and Islam.
Flag of Johor. The colour blue represents the State Government, the colour red for warriors defending the state, the white crescent and 5 sided star represent the monarchy and Islam.
Temenggong Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Dato' Temenggong Abu Bakar, who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor. In 1866, he was formally crowned the Sultan of Johor. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor(1864 - 1895) was the one who gave Johor its own constitution and developed its efficient administration system and constructed the Istana Besar, the official residence of the Sultan. Due to these achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title "Father of Modern Johor". He is immortalized at the Sultan Abu Bakar Monument. The monument is built in the seafront directly opposite the courthouse.
The increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, creating Johor's initial economic base. The Kangchu system was put in place. Under the British Resident system, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, was forced to accept a British adviser in 1914. D.G. Campbell was dispatched as the first British adviser to Johor.
Johor Bahru became the last city on the Malay peninsula to fall under the Japanese. General Yamashita Tomoyuki had his headquarters on top of Bukit Serene and coordinated the downfall of Singapore.
Then in 1948, Johor joined the Federation of Malaya, which gained Independence in 1957.
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Notable history of Johor
The first radio broadcast in Malaya began in the year 1921 when A.L. Birch, an electrical engineer from the Johore Government brought the first radio set into the country. He then established the Johore Wireless Association and commenced broadcasting through 300 meter waves.
Johor gave birth to the Malay opposition which derailed the Malayan Union plan. Malays under Dato' Onn Jaafar's leadership formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in Johor on 11 May 1946.
Tanjung Kupang in Johor is also the site of the only crashed airliner hijacked from Kuala Lumpur.
The designer of the Malaysian flag was a Johorean.
Tun Sri Lanang, the writer of 'Sejarah Melayu' or Malay Annals was born in Bukit Seluyut, Johor in 1565.
Johor was the first state and currently the only state in Malaysia that has its own military force called Johor Military Force or 'Timbalan Setia Negeri'. It is considered a private army of the Sultan of Johor.
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Geography
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Physical
As of 2000, the estimated population of Johor is 2.7 million people. It the fifth largest state(18,984 km²) of Malaysia.It is the southernmost state in Peninsular Malaysia being South of Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang and North of Singapore from which it is separated by the Straits of Johor. The highest point in Johor is Gunung (mountain) Ledang (1276 m). Johor is the only state in Malaysia which has a 400 km beach stretching on both the East and the West coast.
Johor has 8 large islands with numerous smaller ones.
1. Pulau Tinggi
2. Pulau Rawa
3. Pulau Sibu
4. Pulau Tengah
5. Pulau Pemanggil
6. Pulau Aur
7. Pulau Besar
8. Pulau Lima
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Weather
Johor experience wet equatorial weather with monsoon rain from Nov until Feb blowing from the South China Sea. Average annual rainfall is 1778 mm with average temperature of between 25.5 °C (78 °F) and 27.8 °C (82 °F). Humidity is between 82 and 86 %.
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Links to Singapore
Johor is linked to Singapore by two land links - First is the causeway originally called Tambak Johor which carries both a road and a railway link. Second is a road bridge on the west side of Johor.
The causeway (1038 m) was designed by Messrs Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson and Mitchell of Westminster was adopted and the contract awarded to Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London. It started in 1909 as a railway link by Johor State Railway to connect Johor Bahru to Singapore, then the administrative headquarters of British interests in South-East Asia. Construction of the road section started in 1919 and was completed in 1923.
The causeway is a source of contention ever since Singapore separated from Malaysia. Stagnating water caused by the Causeway has raised health concerns in Johor. Malaysia has proposed to replace the causeway by a bridge, allowing water and tide movement through the Straits of Johor. Singapore has rejected this proposal, after which Malaysia came up with the idea of what became known as "the crooked half-bridge", 25 m above water level, and descending halfway to link up with the low-level causeway. The railway will have a swing bridge. The project is part of the Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu project.[1]
Animosity between previous leaders of both countries has abated with the rise of new leaders, Abdullah Badawi as Malaysian Prime Minister replacing Mahathir Mohamad and Lee Hsien Loong in Singapore replacing Goh Chok Tong. It has renewed talks and normalised relations between countries.
Some analysts have concluded that replacing the causeway with a bridge would allow a creation of a comprehensive port system linking Johor Port and Tanjung Pelepas Port in Johor; some go on to suggest that this presents a threat to Singapore's port activity, thus explaining the initial reluctance of Singapore to agree to the causeway replacement.
The more recent road bridge (the "Second Link") was completed in Oct 1997. The Second Link Bridge is a 1920 m twin-deck bridge which supports a dual-three lane carriageway linking Kampong Ladang at Tanjung Kupang, Johor to Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim at Tuas in Singapore.
See also Geography and climate of Singapore.
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Transportation hubs
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Ports
It has two ports, Pasir Gudang Port and Tanjung Pelepas Port.
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Airports
Johor has one major airport 30 km away from the city centre, The Sultan Ismail International Airport in Senai (01’38’26’ N, 103’40’13’ E). It was opened on 6 June 1974 and has been expanded several times ever since. Currently, it has a 5 million passenger capacity with another parallel runway under construction,
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Government structure of Johor
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Monarchy
The State's Sultan or hereditary constitutional monarch since 1981 has been Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj.
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State government
His Chief Minister or Menteri Besar is currently Dato' Abdul Ghani Othman, a former civil servant.
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Districts
The state of Johor is divided into the districts of
* Johor Bahru 1817.8 km², population 1,064,881
* Pontian 919.5 km², population: 143,729
* Kota Tinggi 3488.7 km², population: 192,220
* Kluang 2851.8 km², population: 254,631
* Segamat 2851.26 km², population: 178,620
* Muar 2346.12 km², population: 328,695
* Batu Pahat 1878 km², population: 335,368
* Mersing 2838.6 km², population: 67,557
Districts of Johor, Malaysia
Batu Pahat | Johor Bahru (capital) | Kluang | Kota Tinggi | Mersing | Muar | Pontian | Segamat
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State anthem
in Malay
Lagu Bangsa Johor
Allah peliharakan Sultan
'Nugrahkan dia segala kehormatan
Sehat dan ria, kekal dan makmur
Luaskan kuasa, menaungkan kami
Rakyat dipimpini berzaman lagi
Dengan Merdeka bersatu hati
Allah berkati Johor
Allah selamatkan Sultan
The anthem was composed by Armenian Bandmaster Mackertich Galistan or MG Abdullah and lyrics by Capt. HJ. Mohamed Said bin HJ. Sulaiman. Adapted the famous Malay tune 'Dondang Sayang' in 1897 and approved by Sultan Ibrahim, it was wihout lyrics until 1914 when a staff of the Hong Kong Bank in Johor Bahru, Hubert Allen Courtney (1878-1959), wrote the first English words and Capt. HJ. Mohamed Said (1876-1955) rewrote it in Malay.
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Education in Johor
Johor has several institutions of higher learning. It has two universities called Universiti Teknologi Malaysia situated in Skudai, as well as Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor ( UiTM) in Segamat, a college university called Kolej University Tun Hussein Onn in Batu Pahat and several polytechnics. Johor also has a teaching college called Maktab Perguruan Temenggung Ibrahim. It has one non-profit community college called Southern College situated in Skudai. Southern College was established in 1990 owing to the generous support from the communities. It is the first non-profit community college in the country wholly funded by public donation and is open to Malaysian students of all races.[2]
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Places of interest
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Major tourist attraction
1. Desaru - beaches & golf courses along the South China Sea
2. Johor Bahru- shopping, night market, colonial/royal district
3. Endau-Rompin Natural Park- pristine jungle
4. Kota Tinggi 34 meter waterfall.
5. Kukup - a fishing village with seafood restaurants built over water
6. Muar- picturesque riverside town
7. Seribuat Archipelago- islands with beautiful beaches, coral reefs
8. Tanjung Piai- the southernmost tip of mainland Asia
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National park and forest reserves
Johor currently has five national parks, with a combined area of more than 700 km² and several smaller recreational forest. Almost all recreational parks are based around a mountain. Johor has the third largest mangrove forest reserve in peninsular Malaysia (167 km²).
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Endau Rompin National Park
* Located on the Johor-Pahang border
* The park's name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park, other rivers in the park are Selai River, and Jasin River.
* The Park is the second largest national park in the Peninsula after Taman Negara, covering an area of 489 km²
* There are two entry points to the park, Kampung Peta and Nitar
* Sites of interest are Opeh Guling waterfall, Buaya Sangkut waterfall and salt licks around Gunung Tiong
* There are approximately 26 km of jungle trails within the park with the most famous being the 16 km trail from the base camp at Kuala Jasin to Batu Hampar
* The park is the home to the Orang Asli of the Jakun tribe. One such settlement is Kampung Peta near the park entry point
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Gunung Ledang National Park
Summit of Gunung Ledang
Enlarge
Summit of Gunung Ledang
* The highest point in Johor is here on Gunung Ledang (1276m)
* The Sagil waterfall is the most famous picnic site
* Entry point from Sagil in Johor and Asahan in Melaka
* 107 km²
* Located in the district of Muar
* 170 km from Johor Bahru
* Is the most climbed mountain in Malaysia
* 64th highest mountain in Malaysia
* 6th difficult trekking route of Malaysia
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Tanjung Piai National Park
* Home of mangrove crabs, mudskippers and crab-eating macaques.
* The name 'Piai' is taken from a type of indigenous wild fern 'Piai Raya' or Acrostichum aureum and 'Piai lasa' or A.speciosum.
* Geographically the southern most tip of the continent of Asia.
* Feeding ground for migratory birds like the Sandpiper, Whimbrel, Common Redshank, Greenshank and Grey Plower ('Pluvialis squatarola').
* Gazzeted as a World RAMSAR site.
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Pulau Kukup National Park
* 15 km² of mangrove and mudflats
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Mersing Marine Park
* consisting of 13 islands of Pulau Harimau, Pulau Mensirip, Pulau Goal, Pulau Besar, Pulau Tengah, Pulau Hujong, Pulau Rawa, Pulau Tinggi, Pulau Mentinggi, Pulau Sibu, Pulau Sibu Hujung, Pulau Pemanggil and Pulau Aur.
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Gunung Pulai Recreational Forest
* 700 meters in height
* One of the smaller parks with an area of 80,000 square metres. It is a forest reserve that serves as a catchment area
* Closest to Johor Bahru
* Popular attraction is Pulai waterfall
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Gunung Arong Recreational Forest
* 120 meters in height
* 17km from Mersing and 22 km from Endau
* has a Forestry Museum on site
* Photos
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Gunung Lambak Recreational Forests
* 510 meters in height
* near Kluang
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Gunung Belumut (Moss Mountain) Recreational Forest
* 32 km from Kluang through Felda Ulu Dengar
* 1010 meters in height
* 4 hours of trekking on a 6 km path to the top
* near Kluang
* Interesting rock formation called Crown Rock (Batu Mahkota) which looks like a giant crown.
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Gunung Panti Recreational Forests
* Preserved for Wild orchids and birds
* The southern most mountain in Peninsular Malaysia
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Sungai Sedili Besar and Sungai Sedili Kecil Wetland Preservation
* 1.5 km² of freshwater mangrove swamp
* Preserved for migratory birds
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Sungai Lebam Wetland Preservation
* Preserved for clams and fireflies.
* vast mangrove swamp, with Berembang trees where the fireflies congregate.
* near Kota Tinggi and approximately 91 km from Johor Bahru
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Cultural heritage of Johor
Culture in Johor is influenced by visitors and traders throughout history. The biggest influence would be the Javanese and the Arabs. The strong Arab influence is apparent in art performances like Zapin and Hamdolok, musical instruments like gambus. Other visible legacies in Johor Bahru are the names Wadi Hana and Wadi Hassan area populated by Arab community from Hadhramaut in the southeast of Yemen. Wadi means valley in Arabic.
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Clothing
* Cekak Musang and Teluk Belanga are types of collar design of the male attire ' baju melayu'. It is said that Teluk Belanga was design by Sultan Abu Bakar in 1866 to reminisce the transfer of Johor capital from Teluk Belanga to Johor Bahru. The Teluk Belanga design is a simple hemmed round collar with a stiff stitching called 'tulang belut' or 'eel's spine' and ended with a loop at the end to fit a 'kancing'. This collar design creates an exposed neck in contrast to the neck covering Cekak Musang design that is a raised stiff collar of about 1-2cm with an opening down to the chest. The collar ends have matching holes to fit it a 'butang' or buttons.
* Kurung Johor
* Kurung Riau
* Belah kebaya Panjang
Hamdolok
Hamdolok originated from the exposure of Middle East culture introduced by Arabs in Johor. It is a traditional theatre performed during weddings and festivals. It is a blend of artistic characters of both the Middle-East and local Malay communities. Instruments used include the gambus, tambourine, maracas and conga drums. It was also inspired by the Bedouin celebrating the birth of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W playing musical instruments and reciting poetry.
Cuisine
Dishes and cuisine in Johor are influenced by Arabs and the surrounding Malay archipelago. Some of the dishes are a unique blend of ingredients not found anywhere in Malaysia. Sadly, due to its difficult and sometimes complicated recipe, some are rare delights that can only be sampled in celebrations and state banquets.
* Laksa Johor is a cuisine originated from Johor. It differs from Laksa Penang by having coconut milk added during cooking.
* Mee bandung is also a dish originated from Johor, specifically from Muar. The term 'bandung' is not derived from Bandung, Indonesia but as a term for anyting that is mixed from many ingredients.
* Penganan Kacau keledek is a dessert normally served for the Johor monarch and elites. it is made from sweet potatoes, lots and lots of eggs (at least 40), fresh coconut milk (no instant ones please) and tons of sugar. it is mixed together and stirred on a simmering heat for at least 4 hours.
* Mee rebus is the famous noodle dish which consists of Mee (a spaghetti like mixture of flour,salt and egg) and is served with a tangy, spicy brown sauce. Usually crumbs and bolied eggs are added.
* Arisa - A unique chicken dish that is very-very rare nowdays, normally served to the royalties and social elites in Johor at formal functions and celebrations.
* Kuih Sirat
* Pisang Salai or Gimpi
* Lontong
* Nasi Ambeng
* Telur Pindang
* Otak-otak
* Nasi Briyani Gam
* Mee Soto
* Burasak
* Halwa Maskat
* Bontrot/berkat
* Kerutup ikan
* Asam pedas daun kesum
* Pecal
* Tauhu bakar
* Pendaram
* Roti Kirai or Roti Jala - The name is derived from bread and net or 'roti' and 'jala' in Malay. A special ladle with a five hole perforation is used to make the bread looks like a fish net (picture in the works). It is usually eaten spicy with curry or sweet with 'serawa'.
* Mee Siput
* Rojak Petis
* Serawa - Made from a mixture of boiled coconut milk, brown sugar and pandan leaf.
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Posted by Muhammad to Berita Melayu at 8/15/2005 09:38:00 AM
Image:Bendera_Johor.png Image:Lambang_Johor.png
State Flag Coat of Arms
State Motto: the state moto as appeared on the coat of arms reads "kepada Allah berserah" which literally means "all hopes is to God (Allah)"
Map showing Johor in Peninsular Malaysia
Capital Johor Bahru
Sultan Iskandar Al-haj
Chief minister Abdul Ghani Othman
Area 19,984 km²
Population
2.8 million comprising of a mixtures of Malays, Chinese, Indians and other minorities.
State anthem Lagu Bangsa Johor
Johor, formerly Johore (Jawi:جوهور), is a state of Malaysia between 1°20"N and 2°35"N. The capital and royal seat of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly Tanjung Puteri. The old capital is Johor Lama. The Arabic honorific of the state is Darul Ta'azim ("Abode of Dignity').
History of Johor
Main article: Sultanate of Johor
The name "Johor" originated from the Arabic word Jauhar, which literally means "Precious Stones". Founded in the early 16th century by the son of Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last Sultan of Malacca, after fleeing from the Portuguese in Malacca, it grew into the Johor Empire that covered the Riau Archipelago. Unable to retake Malacca, Johor harassed and attacked the Portuguese during their 130 year rule. Johor became a thorn to the Portuguese in maintaining dominance within the Straits.
The history of Johor from the late 1500s to the late 1600s is characterised by a series of succession struggles interspersed with strategic alliances struck with regional clans and foreign powers to maintain its political and economic hold in the Straits. In competition with the Achehs of northern Sumatra and the port-kingdom of Malacca under Portuguese rule, Johor engaged prolonged warfare with their rivals, often striking alliances with friendly Malay states and in particular the Dutch. In 1641 Johor in cooperation with the Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca. By 1660, Johor had become a flourishing entrepôt, although weakening and splintering of the empire in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty.
In the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra controlled the political powers in the Johor-Riau Empire. However, in the early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene. In 1819, the Johor -Riau Empire was broken into the mainland Johor, controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Linggi, controlled by the Bugis. This is when the history of modern Johor began. In 1855, under the terms of a treaty between the British in Singapore and Sultan Ali of Johor, the control over the State was formally ceded to Dato' Temenggong Daing Ibrahim, with the exception of the Kesang area (Muar), which was finally handed over in 1877. Temenggong Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri (later to become Johor's present-day capital) in south Johor as a major town.
Flag of Johor. The colour blue represents the State Government, the colour red for warriors defending the state, the white crescent and 5 sided star represent the monarchy and Islam.
Flag of Johor. The colour blue represents the State Government, the colour red for warriors defending the state, the white crescent and 5 sided star represent the monarchy and Islam.
Temenggong Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Dato' Temenggong Abu Bakar, who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor. In 1866, he was formally crowned the Sultan of Johor. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor(1864 - 1895) was the one who gave Johor its own constitution and developed its efficient administration system and constructed the Istana Besar, the official residence of the Sultan. Due to these achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title "Father of Modern Johor". He is immortalized at the Sultan Abu Bakar Monument. The monument is built in the seafront directly opposite the courthouse.
The increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, creating Johor's initial economic base. The Kangchu system was put in place. Under the British Resident system, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakar's successor, was forced to accept a British adviser in 1914. D.G. Campbell was dispatched as the first British adviser to Johor.
Johor Bahru became the last city on the Malay peninsula to fall under the Japanese. General Yamashita Tomoyuki had his headquarters on top of Bukit Serene and coordinated the downfall of Singapore.
Then in 1948, Johor joined the Federation of Malaya, which gained Independence in 1957.
[edit]
Notable history of Johor
The first radio broadcast in Malaya began in the year 1921 when A.L. Birch, an electrical engineer from the Johore Government brought the first radio set into the country. He then established the Johore Wireless Association and commenced broadcasting through 300 meter waves.
Johor gave birth to the Malay opposition which derailed the Malayan Union plan. Malays under Dato' Onn Jaafar's leadership formed the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in Johor on 11 May 1946.
Tanjung Kupang in Johor is also the site of the only crashed airliner hijacked from Kuala Lumpur.
The designer of the Malaysian flag was a Johorean.
Tun Sri Lanang, the writer of 'Sejarah Melayu' or Malay Annals was born in Bukit Seluyut, Johor in 1565.
Johor was the first state and currently the only state in Malaysia that has its own military force called Johor Military Force or 'Timbalan Setia Negeri'. It is considered a private army of the Sultan of Johor.
[edit]
Geography
[edit]
Physical
As of 2000, the estimated population of Johor is 2.7 million people. It the fifth largest state(18,984 km²) of Malaysia.It is the southernmost state in Peninsular Malaysia being South of Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang and North of Singapore from which it is separated by the Straits of Johor. The highest point in Johor is Gunung (mountain) Ledang (1276 m). Johor is the only state in Malaysia which has a 400 km beach stretching on both the East and the West coast.
Johor has 8 large islands with numerous smaller ones.
1. Pulau Tinggi
2. Pulau Rawa
3. Pulau Sibu
4. Pulau Tengah
5. Pulau Pemanggil
6. Pulau Aur
7. Pulau Besar
8. Pulau Lima
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Weather
Johor experience wet equatorial weather with monsoon rain from Nov until Feb blowing from the South China Sea. Average annual rainfall is 1778 mm with average temperature of between 25.5 °C (78 °F) and 27.8 °C (82 °F). Humidity is between 82 and 86 %.
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Links to Singapore
Johor is linked to Singapore by two land links - First is the causeway originally called Tambak Johor which carries both a road and a railway link. Second is a road bridge on the west side of Johor.
The causeway (1038 m) was designed by Messrs Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson and Mitchell of Westminster was adopted and the contract awarded to Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd of London. It started in 1909 as a railway link by Johor State Railway to connect Johor Bahru to Singapore, then the administrative headquarters of British interests in South-East Asia. Construction of the road section started in 1919 and was completed in 1923.
The causeway is a source of contention ever since Singapore separated from Malaysia. Stagnating water caused by the Causeway has raised health concerns in Johor. Malaysia has proposed to replace the causeway by a bridge, allowing water and tide movement through the Straits of Johor. Singapore has rejected this proposal, after which Malaysia came up with the idea of what became known as "the crooked half-bridge", 25 m above water level, and descending halfway to link up with the low-level causeway. The railway will have a swing bridge. The project is part of the Gerbang Selatan Bersepadu project.[1]
Animosity between previous leaders of both countries has abated with the rise of new leaders, Abdullah Badawi as Malaysian Prime Minister replacing Mahathir Mohamad and Lee Hsien Loong in Singapore replacing Goh Chok Tong. It has renewed talks and normalised relations between countries.
Some analysts have concluded that replacing the causeway with a bridge would allow a creation of a comprehensive port system linking Johor Port and Tanjung Pelepas Port in Johor; some go on to suggest that this presents a threat to Singapore's port activity, thus explaining the initial reluctance of Singapore to agree to the causeway replacement.
The more recent road bridge (the "Second Link") was completed in Oct 1997. The Second Link Bridge is a 1920 m twin-deck bridge which supports a dual-three lane carriageway linking Kampong Ladang at Tanjung Kupang, Johor to Jalan Ahmad Ibrahim at Tuas in Singapore.
See also Geography and climate of Singapore.
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Transportation hubs
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Ports
It has two ports, Pasir Gudang Port and Tanjung Pelepas Port.
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Airports
Johor has one major airport 30 km away from the city centre, The Sultan Ismail International Airport in Senai (01’38’26’ N, 103’40’13’ E). It was opened on 6 June 1974 and has been expanded several times ever since. Currently, it has a 5 million passenger capacity with another parallel runway under construction,
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Government structure of Johor
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Monarchy
The State's Sultan or hereditary constitutional monarch since 1981 has been Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj.
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State government
His Chief Minister or Menteri Besar is currently Dato' Abdul Ghani Othman, a former civil servant.
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Districts
The state of Johor is divided into the districts of
* Johor Bahru 1817.8 km², population 1,064,881
* Pontian 919.5 km², population: 143,729
* Kota Tinggi 3488.7 km², population: 192,220
* Kluang 2851.8 km², population: 254,631
* Segamat 2851.26 km², population: 178,620
* Muar 2346.12 km², population: 328,695
* Batu Pahat 1878 km², population: 335,368
* Mersing 2838.6 km², population: 67,557
Districts of Johor, Malaysia
Batu Pahat | Johor Bahru (capital) | Kluang | Kota Tinggi | Mersing | Muar | Pontian | Segamat
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State anthem
in Malay
Lagu Bangsa Johor
Allah peliharakan Sultan
'Nugrahkan dia segala kehormatan
Sehat dan ria, kekal dan makmur
Luaskan kuasa, menaungkan kami
Rakyat dipimpini berzaman lagi
Dengan Merdeka bersatu hati
Allah berkati Johor
Allah selamatkan Sultan
The anthem was composed by Armenian Bandmaster Mackertich Galistan or MG Abdullah and lyrics by Capt. HJ. Mohamed Said bin HJ. Sulaiman. Adapted the famous Malay tune 'Dondang Sayang' in 1897 and approved by Sultan Ibrahim, it was wihout lyrics until 1914 when a staff of the Hong Kong Bank in Johor Bahru, Hubert Allen Courtney (1878-1959), wrote the first English words and Capt. HJ. Mohamed Said (1876-1955) rewrote it in Malay.
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Education in Johor
Johor has several institutions of higher learning. It has two universities called Universiti Teknologi Malaysia situated in Skudai, as well as Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor ( UiTM) in Segamat, a college university called Kolej University Tun Hussein Onn in Batu Pahat and several polytechnics. Johor also has a teaching college called Maktab Perguruan Temenggung Ibrahim. It has one non-profit community college called Southern College situated in Skudai. Southern College was established in 1990 owing to the generous support from the communities. It is the first non-profit community college in the country wholly funded by public donation and is open to Malaysian students of all races.[2]
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Places of interest
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Major tourist attraction
1. Desaru - beaches & golf courses along the South China Sea
2. Johor Bahru- shopping, night market, colonial/royal district
3. Endau-Rompin Natural Park- pristine jungle
4. Kota Tinggi 34 meter waterfall.
5. Kukup - a fishing village with seafood restaurants built over water
6. Muar- picturesque riverside town
7. Seribuat Archipelago- islands with beautiful beaches, coral reefs
8. Tanjung Piai- the southernmost tip of mainland Asia
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National park and forest reserves
Johor currently has five national parks, with a combined area of more than 700 km² and several smaller recreational forest. Almost all recreational parks are based around a mountain. Johor has the third largest mangrove forest reserve in peninsular Malaysia (167 km²).
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Endau Rompin National Park
* Located on the Johor-Pahang border
* The park's name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park, other rivers in the park are Selai River, and Jasin River.
* The Park is the second largest national park in the Peninsula after Taman Negara, covering an area of 489 km²
* There are two entry points to the park, Kampung Peta and Nitar
* Sites of interest are Opeh Guling waterfall, Buaya Sangkut waterfall and salt licks around Gunung Tiong
* There are approximately 26 km of jungle trails within the park with the most famous being the 16 km trail from the base camp at Kuala Jasin to Batu Hampar
* The park is the home to the Orang Asli of the Jakun tribe. One such settlement is Kampung Peta near the park entry point
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Gunung Ledang National Park
Summit of Gunung Ledang
Enlarge
Summit of Gunung Ledang
* The highest point in Johor is here on Gunung Ledang (1276m)
* The Sagil waterfall is the most famous picnic site
* Entry point from Sagil in Johor and Asahan in Melaka
* 107 km²
* Located in the district of Muar
* 170 km from Johor Bahru
* Is the most climbed mountain in Malaysia
* 64th highest mountain in Malaysia
* 6th difficult trekking route of Malaysia
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Tanjung Piai National Park
* Home of mangrove crabs, mudskippers and crab-eating macaques.
* The name 'Piai' is taken from a type of indigenous wild fern 'Piai Raya' or Acrostichum aureum and 'Piai lasa' or A.speciosum.
* Geographically the southern most tip of the continent of Asia.
* Feeding ground for migratory birds like the Sandpiper, Whimbrel, Common Redshank, Greenshank and Grey Plower ('Pluvialis squatarola').
* Gazzeted as a World RAMSAR site.
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Pulau Kukup National Park
* 15 km² of mangrove and mudflats
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Mersing Marine Park
* consisting of 13 islands of Pulau Harimau, Pulau Mensirip, Pulau Goal, Pulau Besar, Pulau Tengah, Pulau Hujong, Pulau Rawa, Pulau Tinggi, Pulau Mentinggi, Pulau Sibu, Pulau Sibu Hujung, Pulau Pemanggil and Pulau Aur.
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Gunung Pulai Recreational Forest
* 700 meters in height
* One of the smaller parks with an area of 80,000 square metres. It is a forest reserve that serves as a catchment area
* Closest to Johor Bahru
* Popular attraction is Pulai waterfall
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Gunung Arong Recreational Forest
* 120 meters in height
* 17km from Mersing and 22 km from Endau
* has a Forestry Museum on site
* Photos
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Gunung Lambak Recreational Forests
* 510 meters in height
* near Kluang
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Gunung Belumut (Moss Mountain) Recreational Forest
* 32 km from Kluang through Felda Ulu Dengar
* 1010 meters in height
* 4 hours of trekking on a 6 km path to the top
* near Kluang
* Interesting rock formation called Crown Rock (Batu Mahkota) which looks like a giant crown.
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Gunung Panti Recreational Forests
* Preserved for Wild orchids and birds
* The southern most mountain in Peninsular Malaysia
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Sungai Sedili Besar and Sungai Sedili Kecil Wetland Preservation
* 1.5 km² of freshwater mangrove swamp
* Preserved for migratory birds
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Sungai Lebam Wetland Preservation
* Preserved for clams and fireflies.
* vast mangrove swamp, with Berembang trees where the fireflies congregate.
* near Kota Tinggi and approximately 91 km from Johor Bahru
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Cultural heritage of Johor
Culture in Johor is influenced by visitors and traders throughout history. The biggest influence would be the Javanese and the Arabs. The strong Arab influence is apparent in art performances like Zapin and Hamdolok, musical instruments like gambus. Other visible legacies in Johor Bahru are the names Wadi Hana and Wadi Hassan area populated by Arab community from Hadhramaut in the southeast of Yemen. Wadi means valley in Arabic.
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Clothing
* Cekak Musang and Teluk Belanga are types of collar design of the male attire ' baju melayu'. It is said that Teluk Belanga was design by Sultan Abu Bakar in 1866 to reminisce the transfer of Johor capital from Teluk Belanga to Johor Bahru. The Teluk Belanga design is a simple hemmed round collar with a stiff stitching called 'tulang belut' or 'eel's spine' and ended with a loop at the end to fit a 'kancing'. This collar design creates an exposed neck in contrast to the neck covering Cekak Musang design that is a raised stiff collar of about 1-2cm with an opening down to the chest. The collar ends have matching holes to fit it a 'butang' or buttons.
* Kurung Johor
* Kurung Riau
* Belah kebaya Panjang
Hamdolok
Hamdolok originated from the exposure of Middle East culture introduced by Arabs in Johor. It is a traditional theatre performed during weddings and festivals. It is a blend of artistic characters of both the Middle-East and local Malay communities. Instruments used include the gambus, tambourine, maracas and conga drums. It was also inspired by the Bedouin celebrating the birth of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W playing musical instruments and reciting poetry.
Cuisine
Dishes and cuisine in Johor are influenced by Arabs and the surrounding Malay archipelago. Some of the dishes are a unique blend of ingredients not found anywhere in Malaysia. Sadly, due to its difficult and sometimes complicated recipe, some are rare delights that can only be sampled in celebrations and state banquets.
* Laksa Johor is a cuisine originated from Johor. It differs from Laksa Penang by having coconut milk added during cooking.
* Mee bandung is also a dish originated from Johor, specifically from Muar. The term 'bandung' is not derived from Bandung, Indonesia but as a term for anyting that is mixed from many ingredients.
* Penganan Kacau keledek is a dessert normally served for the Johor monarch and elites. it is made from sweet potatoes, lots and lots of eggs (at least 40), fresh coconut milk (no instant ones please) and tons of sugar. it is mixed together and stirred on a simmering heat for at least 4 hours.
* Mee rebus is the famous noodle dish which consists of Mee (a spaghetti like mixture of flour,salt and egg) and is served with a tangy, spicy brown sauce. Usually crumbs and bolied eggs are added.
* Arisa - A unique chicken dish that is very-very rare nowdays, normally served to the royalties and social elites in Johor at formal functions and celebrations.
* Kuih Sirat
* Pisang Salai or Gimpi
* Lontong
* Nasi Ambeng
* Telur Pindang
* Otak-otak
* Nasi Briyani Gam
* Mee Soto
* Burasak
* Halwa Maskat
* Bontrot/berkat
* Kerutup ikan
* Asam pedas daun kesum
* Pecal
* Tauhu bakar
* Pendaram
* Roti Kirai or Roti Jala - The name is derived from bread and net or 'roti' and 'jala' in Malay. A special ladle with a five hole perforation is used to make the bread looks like a fish net (picture in the works). It is usually eaten spicy with curry or sweet with 'serawa'.
* Mee Siput
* Rojak Petis
* Serawa - Made from a mixture of boiled coconut milk, brown sugar and pandan leaf.
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Posted by Muhammad to Berita Melayu at 8/15/2005 09:38:00 AM
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