When I have had issues with items not extruding on the 1st layer as you described when printing w/o a raft, it has always been because I have the bed set too close to the nozzle. It’s a very fine line in having the bed too close and too far away. It took me a while to get it just right, but since I have it dialed in I no longer use rafts in any of my prints.
Jim Fouch