Fwd: BEE-L Digest - 5 Jul 2024 to 6 Jul 2024 (#2024-170) formic acid treatment for trope and varroa
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lin...@tds.net
Jul 7, 2024, 7:57:46 AMJul 7
to Mark Gilberts, beekeepingmichael, holm7, madbees
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From: "BEE-L automatic digest system" <LIST...@COMMUNITY.LSOFT.COM>
To: BE...@COMMUNITY.LSOFT.COM
Sent: Saturday, July 6, 2024 11:00:26 PM
Subject: BEE-L Digest - 5 Jul 2024 to 6 Jul 2024 (#2024-170)
There are 5 messages totaling 182 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. Tropilaelaps in Europe (4)
2. Absence of Tropilaelaps in swarms
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Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 09:54:11 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
I quoted "Life-history stage determines the diet of ectoparasitic mites on their honey bee hosts," published 25 January 2024. This seemed fairly recent to me.
Also see: Ling, T. C. et al. "Tropilaelaps mercedesae infestation is correlated with injury numbers on the brood and the population size of honey bee Apis mellifera." Animals 13, 1318 (2023)
> In summary, the present study revealed that T. mercedesae mites infest throughout the entire development stage of A. mellifera honey bees. Specifically, the number of injuries was relatively high in the abdomens and the antennas. The presence of injuries and the decrease in infestation rates as the larvae progressed to the adult stage might be attributed to changes in the availability of nutrient contents, hygienic behaviors, and other unknown defense mechanisms against mite/virus infestations in the colony as the bees aged. Overall, our findings suggested that the use of a large population size of beehives can reduce the infestation rate.
See also: Sankovitz, M., Steinhauer, N., Yemor, T., Cook, S. C., Evans, J. D., & Ramsey, S. D. (2024). "Evaluation of efficacy of formic acid and thermal remediation for management of Tropilaelaps and Varroa mites in central Thailand." bioRxiv, 2024-03.
> Results revealed that both formic acid treatments (Formic Pro and liquid formic acid) demonstrated an immediate and substantial reduction in live Tropi and Varroa populations, maintaining near-zero levels for the 3- week duration of the study. Notably, both Formic Pro and liquid formic acid treatments exhibited immediate efficacy, rapidly reducing the number of live Tropi and Varroa mites. By the end of the first week post-treatment, both formic acid treatments had reduced live Tropi mite counts to zero
PLB
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Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 07:32:26 -0700
From: Randy Oliver <ra...@RANDYOLIVER.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
The native host of tropilaelaps is *Apis dorsata*, which is a migratory
species (not a cavity nester).
Somehow tropi manages to survive their natural migrations, without any
brood rearing taking place.
So it shouldn't be a surprise for us that this mite can survive an extended
brood break.
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
530 277 4450
ScientificBeekeeping.com
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Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 11:39:59 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
To be fair, I did find one report of T. mites feeding on an adult bee.
> An examination of the gnathosomal structures [mouth and feeding parts] of Tropilaelaps mites showed that their chelicerae are tearing organs, and therefore require a host with soft integument to function efficiently (Koeniger and Muzaffar 1988). In general, adult bees have hard integuments, but also have soft membranes around the joints or in between segments such around the neck and wing axillaries. However, possible feeding of Tropilaelaps mites was observed as the mouthparts appeared to be pierced into the soft membrane of the wing axillaries [analogous to an armpit]; this was accompanied by a pumping or pulsating motion of the opisthosoma [abdomen] (LIG and KK, personal observation).
However, 1) this was a “personal observation,” meaning it is undocumented (a photo would have been nice); 2) the observation of a mite sucking on a bee wing does not therefore indicate that they are getting sustenance nor that they could survive on it. Without food, Tropilaelaps mites survive for 1–3 days.
PLB
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Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 13:48:32 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
> The life span of adult T. clareae on combs with eggs or on adult workers (1-2 days) was found to be identical with the life span recorded for mites held without food (AKRATANAKUL, 1984). However, it remains an unsolved problem how T. clareae is able to survive on adult A. dorsata bees during the migration period. Results presented in this paper show that T. clareae can not survive in zones where interruption of brood rearing occurs. Thus it does not seem likely that T. clareae can become a serious problem in temperate zones.—Woyke
comments: Woyke refers to the appearance of T. mites on migrating A. dorsata as an "unsolved problem." Several possibilities exist: 1) the bees pick them up from other hosts (rats, bats, who knows?); 2) the T. mites respond to some cue and go into an extended lifespan mode which is known to be associated with reduced food consumption and delayed reproduction; 3) they find some soft tissue on the bees on which to feed. I don't think there is anything certain here, although his last statement seems encouraging and has not been disproved.
PLB
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------------------------------
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 15:27:16 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Absence of Tropilaelaps in swarms
Rinderer, De Guzman, et al provide evidence that T. mites do not survive on migrating swarms.
T. clareae cannot survive more than 3 days on adult bees of A. dorsata (Rinderer et al., 1994), thus the origin of infestations in colonies that have recently undergone migration is as yet unknown. Presumably populations of T. clareae gradually build up in new A dorsata nests after re-infestation. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated Tropilaelaps infestations in new and established nests of A dorsata in Samut Songkhram, Thailand. T. clareae can spread via reproductive swarms, but probably not, as we have shown, in migratory swarms.
We confirmed that T. clareae populations gradually build up in new A. dorsata nests after re-infestation. Most often uninfested colonies must acquire T. clareae from other Apis species or nests of A. dorsata present in the area. In Malaysia, A. cerana adult bees have been observed to rob A. dorsata colonies (Koeniger et a/. 2002). Thus, foraging of different bee species in the same flower or robbing must be considered as a potential source of T. clareae infestation for uninfested colonies.
Absence of Tropilaelaps infestation from recent swarms of Apis dorsata in Thailand. B Kavinseksan, S Wongsiri, L I De Guzman & T E Rinderer
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------------------------------
End of BEE-L Digest - 5 Jul 2024 to 6 Jul 2024 (#2024-170)
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----- Forwarded Message -----
From: "BEE-L automatic digest system" <LIST...@COMMUNITY.LSOFT.COM>
To: BE...@COMMUNITY.LSOFT.COM
Sent: Saturday, July 6, 2024 11:00:26 PM
Subject: BEE-L Digest - 5 Jul 2024 to 6 Jul 2024 (#2024-170)
There are 5 messages totaling 182 lines in this issue.
Topics of the day:
1. Tropilaelaps in Europe (4)
2. Absence of Tropilaelaps in swarms
***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 09:54:11 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
I quoted "Life-history stage determines the diet of ectoparasitic mites on their honey bee hosts," published 25 January 2024. This seemed fairly recent to me.
Also see: Ling, T. C. et al. "Tropilaelaps mercedesae infestation is correlated with injury numbers on the brood and the population size of honey bee Apis mellifera." Animals 13, 1318 (2023)
> In summary, the present study revealed that T. mercedesae mites infest throughout the entire development stage of A. mellifera honey bees. Specifically, the number of injuries was relatively high in the abdomens and the antennas. The presence of injuries and the decrease in infestation rates as the larvae progressed to the adult stage might be attributed to changes in the availability of nutrient contents, hygienic behaviors, and other unknown defense mechanisms against mite/virus infestations in the colony as the bees aged. Overall, our findings suggested that the use of a large population size of beehives can reduce the infestation rate.
See also: Sankovitz, M., Steinhauer, N., Yemor, T., Cook, S. C., Evans, J. D., & Ramsey, S. D. (2024). "Evaluation of efficacy of formic acid and thermal remediation for management of Tropilaelaps and Varroa mites in central Thailand." bioRxiv, 2024-03.
> Results revealed that both formic acid treatments (Formic Pro and liquid formic acid) demonstrated an immediate and substantial reduction in live Tropi and Varroa populations, maintaining near-zero levels for the 3- week duration of the study. Notably, both Formic Pro and liquid formic acid treatments exhibited immediate efficacy, rapidly reducing the number of live Tropi and Varroa mites. By the end of the first week post-treatment, both formic acid treatments had reduced live Tropi mite counts to zero
PLB
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The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 07:32:26 -0700
From: Randy Oliver <ra...@RANDYOLIVER.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
The native host of tropilaelaps is *Apis dorsata*, which is a migratory
species (not a cavity nester).
Somehow tropi manages to survive their natural migrations, without any
brood rearing taking place.
So it shouldn't be a surprise for us that this mite can survive an extended
brood break.
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
530 277 4450
ScientificBeekeeping.com
***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 11:39:59 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
To be fair, I did find one report of T. mites feeding on an adult bee.
> An examination of the gnathosomal structures [mouth and feeding parts] of Tropilaelaps mites showed that their chelicerae are tearing organs, and therefore require a host with soft integument to function efficiently (Koeniger and Muzaffar 1988). In general, adult bees have hard integuments, but also have soft membranes around the joints or in between segments such around the neck and wing axillaries. However, possible feeding of Tropilaelaps mites was observed as the mouthparts appeared to be pierced into the soft membrane of the wing axillaries [analogous to an armpit]; this was accompanied by a pumping or pulsating motion of the opisthosoma [abdomen] (LIG and KK, personal observation).
However, 1) this was a “personal observation,” meaning it is undocumented (a photo would have been nice); 2) the observation of a mite sucking on a bee wing does not therefore indicate that they are getting sustenance nor that they could survive on it. Without food, Tropilaelaps mites survive for 1–3 days.
PLB
***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to:
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------------------------------
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 13:48:32 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Re: Tropilaelaps in Europe
> The life span of adult T. clareae on combs with eggs or on adult workers (1-2 days) was found to be identical with the life span recorded for mites held without food (AKRATANAKUL, 1984). However, it remains an unsolved problem how T. clareae is able to survive on adult A. dorsata bees during the migration period. Results presented in this paper show that T. clareae can not survive in zones where interruption of brood rearing occurs. Thus it does not seem likely that T. clareae can become a serious problem in temperate zones.—Woyke
comments: Woyke refers to the appearance of T. mites on migrating A. dorsata as an "unsolved problem." Several possibilities exist: 1) the bees pick them up from other hosts (rats, bats, who knows?); 2) the T. mites respond to some cue and go into an extended lifespan mode which is known to be associated with reduced food consumption and delayed reproduction; 3) they find some soft tissue on the bees on which to feed. I don't think there is anything certain here, although his last statement seems encouraging and has not been disproved.
PLB
***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html
------------------------------
Date: Sat, 6 Jul 2024 15:27:16 -0400
From: Peter Borst <peterlor...@GMAIL.COM>
Subject: Absence of Tropilaelaps in swarms
Rinderer, De Guzman, et al provide evidence that T. mites do not survive on migrating swarms.
T. clareae cannot survive more than 3 days on adult bees of A. dorsata (Rinderer et al., 1994), thus the origin of infestations in colonies that have recently undergone migration is as yet unknown. Presumably populations of T. clareae gradually build up in new A dorsata nests after re-infestation. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated Tropilaelaps infestations in new and established nests of A dorsata in Samut Songkhram, Thailand. T. clareae can spread via reproductive swarms, but probably not, as we have shown, in migratory swarms.
We confirmed that T. clareae populations gradually build up in new A. dorsata nests after re-infestation. Most often uninfested colonies must acquire T. clareae from other Apis species or nests of A. dorsata present in the area. In Malaysia, A. cerana adult bees have been observed to rob A. dorsata colonies (Koeniger et a/. 2002). Thus, foraging of different bee species in the same flower or robbing must be considered as a potential source of T. clareae infestation for uninfested colonies.
Absence of Tropilaelaps infestation from recent swarms of Apis dorsata in Thailand. B Kavinseksan, S Wongsiri, L I De Guzman & T E Rinderer
***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html
------------------------------
End of BEE-L Digest - 5 Jul 2024 to 6 Jul 2024 (#2024-170)
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