S Model Tipper

[Assunta Gergely]

Morseis The Specialist In Drum Handling Equipment. We manufacture 55-gallon (210 liter) drum handling solutions, including hand drum trucks, industrial drum handlers, specialized drum handling forklift attachments, and heavy-duty models for forklift mounted or below-hook drum handling with capacities up to 2500 Lb. (1136 kg).

I got pulled into the recent 'Lego renaissance' on the forum and finally decided to fiddle around with some of my own pieces. The parts inventory is modest in comparison to the other builders so the final result isn't very big.

I always liked classic American trucks and thought that a tipper is a great idea. Lego creations should not only look good but also be functional and this gave me the opportunity to feature something more then just spinning wheels and a steerable axle. The end result can be seen below (larger versions of photos available upon clicking).

2. A pneumatic tipping system. There's a small air pump placed on the left side just behind the cab, an air flow switch on the right and an actuator between the undercarriage and the tipper. All you need to do is press the pump and the actuator will either extend or retract depending on the switch position you selected:

The Nautical Research Guild has published our world-renowned quarterly magazine, The Nautical Research Journal, since 1955. The pages of the Journal are full of articles by accomplished ship modelers who show you how they create those exquisite details on their models, and by maritime historians who show you the correct details to build. The Journal is available in both print and digital editions. Go to the NRG web site (www.thenrg.org) to download a complimentary digital copy of the Journal. The NRG also publishes plan sets, books and compilations of back issues of the Journal and the former Ships in Scale and Model Ship Builder magazines.

Time for another truck, and this one is orange, because orange is awesome. Modeled (kindof) after the current Mercedes Benz Arocs. Features two axles driving a two cylinder fake engine, two steering axle with different ratios, tipper bed, tilting cab, and working doors.

The new INVENTOR MECHANICS series has a thematic approach with multi model capabilities, featuring an impressive main model. A new library of patent-pending components has been added to the ENGINO system which enhances both aesthetics and technical features. These parts include high-precession wheels, mechanisms and snap-fit curved surfaces. The smaller sets in the series are suitable for 7 year olds, while older children are challenged with the bigger sets which also include a geared motor. The top of range steps-up the complexity with Robotics technology, Bluetooth connectivity and software control.

Estimating tippers from these data revealed their enormously large values at three inland observatories in southwest China. It is well known that in the considered period range between 5 min and 3 h, large tippers (typically, having magnitudes inland observatories, abbreviated as CBT, JGU, and MLA in Fig. 1, appeared to be at least twice as large as the largest observed island/coastal tippers. To our knowledge, such large tippers (reaching value 3) were never reported in the literature.

Most data are from observatories run by the Chinese Earthquake Administration, except those from BMT, GZH, KHB, and LZH observatories that are retrieved from the British Geological Survey repository (Macmillan and Olsen 2013). The data were first corrected for jumps, drifts and outliers. Tippers were estimated at 16 periods between 300 and 10000 s. To estimate tippers at each period, T, we split the data of length L (as mentioned above, usually taken as one month) into overlapped (50 %) tapered (using Hanning window) segments of three-period length. Data in these segments were Fourier transformed, giving \(N=2L/3T-1\) estimates of the corresponding component spectrum. Tippers and their uncertainties were then calculated using a robust linear regression approach based on the Huber norm (Pthe and Kuvshinov 2014).

Two left panels: magnetic field time series at CBT and DAF observatories for geomagnetically disturbed day, September 7, 2017. Right panel: results of estimation of inter-site (CBT/DAF) tipper. See details in the text

Considering the geological background and the results of Bai et al. (2010), we design a conceptual 3-D conductivity model of the region and perform 3-D EM simulations to find modeling parameters that result in tippers comparable in magnitude and behavior with those observed.

We pursued a trial-and-error approach to find the models in which tippers behave as those observed and have comparable amplitudes. As mentioned above, in the course of simulations, we varied most of the parameters describing the model, excluding the lateral sizes of the resistive blocks and conducting zone, which were chosen according to the considerations discussed earlier in the paper.

General (somewhat anticipated) observations from the performed numerical experiments are as follows. The tippers become larger provided: (a) the elongated conductor (sandwiched between resistive blocks) is set closer to the surface; (b) the lateral conductivity contrast between the conductor and resistive blocks enlarges; and (c) the layers above and below the 3-D part of the model get less conductive. The results presented from now on are for the following model parameters: \(\sigma _1 = \sigma _3 = \sigma _5 = 10^-4\) S/m and \(\sigma _2 = 1\) S/m; these parameters were chosen to secure the largest values of tippers.

As is seen, the modeled tippers are the largest in the M3 model, i.e. one with \(\sigma _4 = 1\) S/m (see Figs. 7 and 8) and they even exceed the observed tippers. Placing the conductor deeper (at a depth of 20 km, in an attempt to mimic the conductor revealed by Bai et al. (2010)) and increasing its thickness to 20 km (in an attempt to compensate for the deeper location; M4 model) makes, however, modeled tippers smaller than those observed. Notably, maximum amplitudes of tippers in the M3 and M4 models (cf. respective green and blue curves in Fig. 8) are observed at much longer periods compared to CBT results. When the conductivity contrast between the channel and its background increases to \(10\) (as in model M2, red curves) maximum amplitude of the real part of \(T_zy\) becomes closest to the CBT results, and, moreover, maximum is seen at a comparable period. Summing up, our model study suggests that enormously large tippers can be reproduced when the study area is subjected to current channeling. The final comment of this section is that it could be understood that our model experiment is not exhaustive in terms of full exploration of model parameter space, but the experiment has a goal to demonstrate that the observed huge tippers can be explained by the 3-D models mimicking the tectonic/geological setting of the region.

We designed 3-D conductivity models that mimic the tectonic/geological setting of southwest China and performed simulations aiming to reproduce enigmatically huge tippers in the region. Our model study suggests that such large tippers can be attributed to the current channeling. We acknowledge that tippers in this area can be produced by a more complex suture and fault system of different geometries (e.g., offset, strike, dipping direction). Therefore, further 3-D inversion of tippers is required and will be performed in the future to distinguish the nature of the conductive channel, either caused by ancient sutures or subduction zones in southwest China.

We thank the Editor Kiyoshi Baba, Ian Ferguson, and an anonymous reviewer for suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. The authors acknowledge the Chinese Earthquake Administration and British Geological Survey for providing the magnetic field data.

SX and XH collected the data from different sources. SX calibrated the data and estimated tippers. SX and CC performed the modeling. AK and MK designed the 3-D models. MK provided the 3-D EM modeling code and assisted SX and CC with the modeling. RR provided the codes to calibrate the data and assisted SX with calibration. SX, CC, MK and AK analyzed modeling results. AK created the concept of the study. SX drafted, and AK revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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