Afterwaking from a coma on a massive space city known as "The Sprawl", the lone survivor of a horrific alien infestation finds himself confronting a catastrophic new nightmare. Battling dementia, hunted by the government, and haunted by visions of his dead girlfriend, Isaac will do whatever it takes to save himself and dominate the gruesome onslaught.
And yes... even though it was just released to gamers in North America (Europe will see it on Friday, January 28th), there are already walkthroughs and video guides for the horror-filled survival game, which now boasts a multiplayer mode, something the original Dead Space didn't.
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Firstly, I'm a big fan of the IPL playoff system. It rewards those finishing in the top two by giving them two chances to get through to the final, and it also helps limit the number of dead games at the end of the group stage as generally the top teams are fighting for one of those positions right till the end. Hats off to the ECB for adopting it for the new English tournament starting in 2020.
Why they can win
Mumbai have been the most consistent team in the tournament and have the most settled XI. They have pretty much all bases covered with quality batsmen at the top of the order, good finishers, very economical spinners and a variety of seamers who are extremely good at the death. The Indians also have exceptional bench strength with the likes of Lendl Simmons, Mitchell Johnson, Karn Sharma and Ambati Rayudu all coming in at different times and contributing.
Why they can't win
Jos Buttler could be a big loss if Simmons doesn't regain the form he showed in his first innings of the season. They also have to get over a very tough hurdle in the first qualifier - Pune beat them twice in the group stages and could have an important psychological edge.
Why they can win
Pune are the form team of the competition having won eight of their last 10 games. The bowling was a big part of that, as seen by the fact that seven of their bowlers have an economy rate under 8. Steve Smith and MS Dhoni will also add plenty of experience and calmness to ease the pressure of the playoffs.
Why they can't win
With perhaps a thinner squad than others, can they cope with missing key players? Ben Stokes and Imran Tahir were absolutely vital to the Supergiant's success so others will have to find a way to fill their shoes.
Why they can win
If anything, the defending champions look an even better side this year than last. Openers David Warner and Shikhar Dhawan have been superb once again, the seam bowlers have been so good that there's been no room for Mustafizur Rahman in the side, and Rashid Khan has given them cutting edge in the spin department. Last year they beat KKR in the eliminator, then went on to lift the trophy - so why can't the follow the same path in 2017?
Why they can't win
With Kane Williamson left out for the last few games and Yuvraj Singh injured, the middle order has a slightly fragile look to it. If Warner and Dhawan go early, they could be in trouble.
Why they can win
An experienced side. The batting has been very impressive this year and they are spoiled for choice at the top of the order - Gautam Gambhir, Chris Lynn, Sunil Narine or Robin Uthappa can all open. The bowling attack also looks nicely balanced, and their array of spinners could enjoy bowling on what's been a slower Bangalore pitch this year (both the eliminator and second qualifier are at the Chinnaswamy stadium).
Why they can't win
The Sunrisers hammered them in the last group game between the sides, and knocked them out in last year's eliminator. Also, having too many options at the top of the order could be counter-productive - are Gambhir and Uthappa being used in their best positions when they bat 3 and 4? The bowling will also have to cope without leading wicket-taker Chris Woakes.
Much will depend on who is available, but I fancy the Indians and Sunrisers to make the final. It's in Hyderabad this year, where the champions have only lost once this season, so David Warner could well be lifting that trophy for the second year in a row. I also have them in the office sweepstake, so you won't hear me complaining if it happens!
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Many critically endangered species persist in remnant populations so small that ecological information required to assist recovery, such as species-typical demographic parameters and habitat preferences, can be difficult to acquire based on science alone. Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) or local ecological knowledge (LEK) can fill information gaps and provide additional understanding, though this expertise is not everlasting and often overlooked. We report on research focused on a species survival plan for mountain bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci), a critically endangered antelope endemic to Kenya, persisting in the wild with fewer than 80 individuals in four separated montane forests. In preparation for a potential conservation translocation of captive-bred bongos into one or more forests, extensive camera trapping yielded limited results, suggesting that data were based on the activities of just a few individuals. Moreover, additional information critical to translocations, such as typical group size and sex ratios, could neither be observed nor obtained from the literature. This knowledge gap was largely resolved using expert interviews conducted with eight former Kenyan hunters, along with historical range and browse mapping, enriching understanding of behavioral characteristics rendering bongo particularly vulnerable to exploitation. Consistently similar responses from observations spanning a 50-year period (1950s to 1990s) across four ecosystems added certainty to responses. This study endorses a combination of data sources when dealing with remnant populations, and specifically recommends making use of this documented mountain bongo TEK/LEK to inform decisions about potential bongo reintroductions in Kenya.
Concerns over the declining numbers of wildlife species in diverse ecosystems worldwide have led efforts from conservationists to protect species at risk of extinction. To assist with this, wildlife managers often draw on documented, scientific knowledge of animal behavior to better manage their survival. However, when a species is critically endangered, the opportunities to observe them in the wild are minimal, which can limit the data collected. Even when remnant wild populations can be observed and studied, questions arise of possible behavioral shifts that have made the survival of the limited representatives remaining possible (Sheppard et al., 2022). This lack of understanding of the behavioral ecology of critically endangered species creates a problem with management decisions. To fill this information gap, the opportunity to access traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) or local ecological knowledge (LEK) about a species or an ecosystem may provide another useful point of reference.
Stern and Humphries (2022) conducted a systemic review of 49 studies that included TEK into wildlife analyses, pointing out that differences in the form and function of this wildlife information created challenges for integration. Experiential wildlife knowledge acquired over time through the personal observations of knowledge holders was reportedly documented through point observations, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, facilitated workshops, participatory mapping and, ideally, collaborative field projects that enabled knowledge co-production (Stern and Humphries, 2022). The gathering of TEK should be coupled with other forms of data collection where possible, as challenges with access and reliability may limit its usefulness. As with all anthropological studies, concerns arise due to the fallibility of memory, the accuracy of interpretation across languages, and the ability to locate and engage with key informants (Sharma, 2010; Thomson, 2011; Hodge and Costa, 2021). For example, ecosystem and species-specific knowledge, shared in the form of folktales and parables, might be lost or eroded since older community members are typically the cultural repositories of oral history, and this information is seldom well-known or shared with or by the youth (Turvey et al., 2018). Limitations can be mitigated by using trusted sources as interpreters, sourcing and engaging with the knowledge brokers themselves (i.e., elders, traditional herbalists, honey harvesters, hunters, etc.), and advancing the strength of the TEK provided by gathering separate testimony from additional informants.
While TEK refers to traditional knowledge passed down through generations, new knowledge is created all the time, and it is not only generated by Indigenous people. LEK is a term referring to more recently acquired local ecological knowledge. Charnley et al. (2007) define LEK as knowledge, practices, and beliefs regarding ecological relationships that are gained through extensive personal observation and interaction with local ecosystems (Charnley et al., 2007).
Legal forms of sport and trophy hunting, when properly regulated, can support wildlife management by increasing funding for conservation at multiple scales (Paulson, 2012), providing an alternative to culling for population control of big-game species (Mysterud et al., 2020), and maintaining cultural significant practices Indigenous groups (Ronoh et al., 2016). And at one time, the great wildlife herds of East and Southern Africa were believed to be so strong that hunting activity would have little impact on them. Reaching its height of popularity in the 1800s, commercial trophy hunting in Africa was an early form of tourism, largely carried out by men from Europe and North America, who were commonly dubbed the Great White Hunters (Capstick, 1991; Steinhart, 2006; Prettejohn, 2012; Pinnock, 2019; Hurt, 2020). Trophy hunters kept and displayed parts of the hunted animal to remember the hunting experience, and most often left the meat and other body parts for scavengers, or local members of the hunting party, to consume. However, as species declines became apparent, various African nations took steps to end big game trophy hunting. For example, the East African Professional Hunters Association (EAPHA), established in 1934 and comprised of gentlemen hunters who conducted their activities with an understood code of ethics, was dismantled when the ban on hunting was made into law in Kenya in May 1977 (Hurt, 2020).
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