So, I've investigated this a bit more, and I see that adding a debug visualizer to a (simple test) project adds the following text to the vcxproj file:
<ItemGroup>
<Natvis Include="..\..\..\..\..\..\..\LLVM\llvm\utils\llvm.natvis" />
</ItemGroup>
(This was an unrelated test project, hence the many path components)
...right after the main.cpp file:
<ItemGroup>
<ClCompile Include="main.cpp" />
</ItemGroup>
...so that the vcxproj file looks like this:
<ItemGroup>
<ClCompile Include="main.cpp" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Natvis Include="..\..\..\..\..\..\..\LLVM\llvm\utils\llvm.natvis" />
</ItemGroup>
My question, then, is how can I get CMake to emit the "<Natvis Include=" element when generating the vcxproj files? Any CMake experts?