Ing. Carlos Alberto Gold
Consultor en Líneas de Transmisión
E-mail: cagol...@gmail.com
Carlos, el tema es interesante y en especial sobre aluminio enterrado yo tengo algunas experiencias que creo he comentado en este foro...mi experiencia particular fue con tubos conduit de aluminio enterrados, lo cual depende de la composicion del suelo en la experiencia que hago referencia, me tooco en Amuay, durante los años 70-75, todas las tuberias enterradas de aluminio se destrzaron por corrosion, como un paleativo en esa epoca, se sugirio el uso de estos conduit forrados con un teipe 3M anticorrosivo, se intento el uso y con el tiempo todos estos tubos conduit fueron reemplazados por corrosion (Se usaron tubos de PVC), se formaba entre el aluminio y el tape, una desconposicion del aluminio formando SULFATO DE ALUMINIO....Ojo los suelos eran acidos y se vertia mucho compuestos de azufre o el ambiente estaba contaminado con H2S
(Sulfuro de Hidrogeno). Bueno esta experiencia me hizo fijar la idea y en Amuay se PROHIBIO el uso de aluminio enterrado. Puedes notar que aqui estoy hablando de corrosion por ataque de acido; pero tambien podemos tener corrosion Galvanica entre materiales de diferentes potenciales fisico electricos en presencia de un electrolito.
Hoy al ver tu nota, y retomando el tema, veo que Andres Felipe habla de una prohibicion del aluminio para los sistemas de puesta a tierra enterrados (Bajo tierra) en Colombia, y como puedes ver en el parrafo de un paper copiado a continuacion, se indica esta prohibicion como un requisito del NEC. En la nota referida, tambien puedes ver que el Aluminio es muy bueno para soportar la corrosion al aire libre y ante ambientes salinos, por lo cual se usa mucho en lanchas (Botes), sin embargo no es nada bueno enterrado. En el mismo articulo puedes ver la expectativa de vida del Acero Galvanizado vs. el cobre, y para resumir el acero galvanizado puede durar hasta unos 15 años y el cobre hasta 40 años (Si estamos construyendo sistemas de tierra para lineas de menos de 15 años el galvanizado se puede usar), y si la vida de la linea es mayor a 15 años ( normalmente estimamos 25 años de vida), usar
cobre.
***********************************************Parrafo copiado****************************************** Service life
The main difference between the two rods is the thickness and type of material used to cover the steel core. Galvanized ground rods are coated with zinc to a thickness of 3.9 mils or .0039 inches. Copper-bonded ground rods are coated with copper to a thickness of 10 mils or .010 inches. It is the thickness and type of material coating that primarily determines the rod’s corrosion resistance and service life. In essence, we are comparing zinc to copper and 3.9 mils to 10.0 mils. I think everyone would agree that, regardless of the material, a thicker coating would provide better corrosion protection and, therefore, longer service life.
Perhaps a less intuitive leap is that copper is inherently more resistant to corrosion than zinc. We’ve all used galvanized steel products and paid a premium for them. Chances are, you didn’t have any major corrosion problems with these items. Why should we expect anything different from a galvanized ground rod? The reason is that galvanized ground rods are exposed to the much harsher below-grade environment.
It is an entirely different corrosion ballgame when metals are buried. Aluminum illustrates this point perfectly. Aluminum displays good corrosion resistance above grade. In fact, many boats that are subject to corrosive saltwater are made using aluminum. However, aluminum is prohibited for below-grade use in Article 250 of the NEC due to its lack of corrosion resistance in this environment. While not as drastic as aluminum, galvanized metal experiences a similar drop off in corrosion resistance when placed underground.
Comprehensive direct burial studies done by the National Bureau of Standards showed that 3.9 mils of galvanizing could be expected to provide 10-13 years of protection in most soils. This same study showed that 10 mils of copper could be expected to last more than 40 years in most soil types and is the basis for the 10 mils of copper required for a rod to be UL listed. Furthermore, independent ground rod testing performed by the Navy and the National Electrical Grounding Research Project back up the data gathered by the National Bureau of Standards. Because of these studies, a service life of 10 to 15 years can be assigned to galvanized rods and 40-plus years for 10 mil copper-bonded rods in most soil types.
These results may lead you to believe that copper-bonded rods are better than galvanized rods. Sometimes this is true and sometimes not. I want to emphasize the importance of matching the appropriate ground rod to the application. If the facility being grounded has a life expectancy of less than 15 years, a galvanized ground rod is appropriate and will provide the most cost-effective solution. For installations with a longer service life, copper-bonded ground rods are the best fit. For many years, the copper cold water pipe has served as the primary grounding electrode for commercial & residential grounding.
********************************fin del Parrafo Copiado******************************************
El otro tema de los conectores cuando no se utilizan conectores cuando no se utilizan elementos con tornillos o tuercas, puede hacerse con CADWELD (Soldadura exotermica), que es muy buena para soldaduras cobre-cobre, cobre-acero galvanizado o acero galvanizado-acero galvanizado o inclusive estos conductores con acero de estructuras, solo se requiere adquirir el molde adecuado.
A continuacion copio un parrafo del manual de Cadweld, que indica el proceso de estas soldaduras, donde se ve que el aporte de material es cobre, con algo de acero del disco de retencion que tambien se funde y se mezcla con el cobre fundido.
*****************************Parrafo del manual de Cadweld***********************
The CADWELD ® process is a method of making electrical connections of copper to copper or copper to steel in which no outside source of heat or power is required.In this process, granular metals (granular copper oxide and aluminum) are dumped from a container into a graphite crucible and ignited. The reduction of the copper oxide by the aluminum (exothermic reaction) produces molten copper and aluminum oxide slag. The slag floats to the surface and the disk melts, allowing molten copper to flow into the weld cavity and complete the weld. The weld is allowed to solidify. The mold is removed and made ready for the next weld. The process takes seconds to complete. ****************************Fin del parrafo de Cadweld*****************************
Saludos,................Omar Graterol
Ingeniero Electricista
Maracaibo - Zulia - Venezuela
Telf. 58-261-7436648
cel. 58-414-6338693
--- El dom, 8/5/11, CARLOS ALBERTO GOLD <cagol...@gmail.com> escribió: |