Can You Download 3d Models From Google Earth

[Pasty Smsith]

A public/private partnership involving NASA and IBM Research has led to the release of NASA's first open-source geospatial artificial intelligence (AI) foundation model for Earth observation data. Built using NASA's Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) dataset, the release of the HLS Geospatial Foundation Model (HLS Geospatial FM) is a milestone in the application of AI for Earth science. The model has a wide range of potential applications, including tracking changes in land use, monitoring natural disasters, and predicting crop yields. The HLS Geospatial FM is available at Hugging Face, a public repository for open-source machine learning models.

Foundation models (FMs) are types of AI models trained on a broad set of unlabeled data. They can be used for different tasks and can apply information about one situation to another. The goal of the NASA/IBM work is to provide an easier way for researchers to analyze and draw insights from large NASA datasets related to Earth processes.

can you download 3d models from google earth

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"We believe that foundation models have the potential to change the way observational data are analyzed and help us to better understand our planet," says NASA Chief Science Data Officer Kevin Murphy. "And by open-sourcing such models and making them available to the world, we hope to multiply their impact."

HLS is a logical dataset on which to base the FM work. The HLS project provides consistent surface reflectance data from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) aboard the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and 9 satellites and the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard the European Union's Copernicus Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellites. The combined sensor measurements enable global land observations every 2 to 3 days at 30-meter spatial resolution.

The infrastructure needed for AI FMs is constantly evolving as the neural network architectures used to train these models become more complex. FMs are typically trained on massive datasets, which requires a significant amount of computing power.

Along with the work on the HLS Geospatial FM, NASA and IBM are developing other applications to extract insights from Earth observations, including a large language model based on Earth science literature. In keeping with NASA's open science guidelines and principles, models and products resulting from this collaborative work will be open and available to the entire science community.

Earth system models (ESM) seek to simulate all relevant aspects of the Earth system. They include physical, chemical and biological processes, therefore reaching far beyond their predecessors, the global climate models (GCM), which just represented the physical atmospheric and oceanic processes.

Earth system models and climate models are a complex integration of environmental variables used for understanding our planet. Earth system models simulate how chemistry, biology, and physical forces work together. These models are similar to but much more comprehensive than global climate models.

To understand Earth system models, it helps to first understand global climate models. Climate is the long-term pattern of weather variables. It includes temperature, rain and snowfall, humidity, sunlight, and wind and how they occur over many years. Climate models explain how these variables can change using mathematical analysis based on the physics of how energy, gases, and fluids move, combined with measurements taken from experiments, laboratories, and other observations in the real world.

Global climate models treat the Earth as a giant grid. The size of each cell in the grid is determined by the power of the computer running the model. Just like a video game, higher resolution requires a much more powerful computer.

Earth system models include all the factors in climate models. But as complex as climate is, it is only one part of an even more complex Earth system. The goal of Earth system models is to understand how the Earth functions as a system of interdependent parts. These parts include the physical, chemical, and biological processes that all interact to shape our planet and the organisms on it. Earth system science is multidisciplinary, drawing on atmospheric science, oceanography, ecosystem ecology, soil microbiology, multi-sector analysis, and the core science disciplines of mathematics, chemistry, and physics.

These factors work on many time scales. The Sahara appears to have shifted back and forth from wet to dry over thousands to tens of thousands of years. Plants in a wet Sahara absorbs sunlight and store carbon, while a dry Sahara reflects sunlight and stores little carbon. These factors also work at very short time scales, such as the rapid expansion of cities in the 20th century into land formerly covered by plants, changing how the land reflects and stores heat and carbon. Chemical processes from the slow erosion of rock can release dust into the atmosphere, trapping more heat in the air. Short chemical processes such as pollution from industry and soot from forest fires can have similar effects.

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Humans are now conducting a long-term, uncontrolled climate experiment by emitting greenhouse gases into the Earth's atmosphere, converting forest into farmland, and otherwise changing the natural environment. Climate models solve mathematical equations that describe the physics of the atmosphere, ocean, and the land surface (left side of Figure 1) to help us understand how Earth's climate is changing. Even if humans had no influence on climate, climate models would help us understand and predict natural variations in the climate, like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

ESMs include physical processes like those in other climate models but they can also simulate the interaction between the physical climate, the biosphere, and the chemical constituents of the atmosphere and ocean (right side of Figure 1). ESMs include processes, impacts, and complete feedback cycles; for example, they can simulate droughts as well as the resulting change in plant cover due to the drought, which may lead to more or less drought. They can even include the impact of human decision-making. ESMs never perfectly simulate the processes they include, but they are useful tools for extrapolating what we know about the present Earth system to the past and the future. There are several types of ESM, but we focus here on models of full complexity that simulate the atmosphere and ocean in three dimensions.

Figure 1: Key features of climate models and earth system models.Earth system models gain complexity by considering the biological and chemical processes that feed back ionto the physics of climate. An ESM may have more or fewer capabilities than the less than the capabilities of the ESM illustrated in the figure. Note the prominent place of aerosols: micron-sized particles of solid or liquid material (such as soot or sulfuric acid) that are suspended in the atmosphere. Aerosols can absorb and scatter visible and infrared radiation as well as serve asbe a medium for transporting nutrients over long distances. 2013 Nature Education All rights reserved.

The atmosphere is where most weather occurs and therefore where humans mostly experience the climate. The atmospheric model component of an ESM simulates the movement of mass and energy over large distances, as well as the nanometer-scale interactions between cloud droplets and water vapor. In order to capture this broad range of scales, full-complexity atmospheric models divide the atmosphere into thousands of grid-boxes and solve the fundamental equations of motion and energy conservation within each grid-box, which might be 50-200 km in size. There are many important processes (such as clouds, precipitation, and radiation) that are smaller than a grid-box and are simulated using "parameterizations." Parameterizations, which treat small-scale processes as a function of average large-scale properties, are the source of many of the uncertainties in climate projections.

The Earth's surface plays a crucial role in earth system modeling, not only because humans live at the land surface, but also because 2/3 of the sunlight absorbed by the Earth is absorbed at the land and sea surface. Almost all of this energy is eventually transferred to the atmosphere. How this transfer occurs is critical for climate. For instance, if solar energy is absorbed by dry soil, it simply heats the soil. If absorbed by wet soil, some energy may evaporate the water, depriving the land and living things of moisture, providing moisture to the atmosphere, and limiting heating of the soil. Therefore, the land model component simulates how water moves from its sources (where it rains or snows) to sinks such as the ocean or aquifers, a process simultaneously involving physical, biological, and anthropogenic aspects. The model can consider the effect of topography on drainage or how water use by plants affects soil moisture. Since land is fixed in space, most of the processes simulated on land occur within just one grid-box: only water and any energy or nutrients that water carries moves between grid-boxes.

Like the land, the ocean exchanges sensible and latent heat (the energy associated with the evaporation of water) with the atmosphere. However, the ocean's great depth and water's high heat capacity give the ocean an energy storage capacity about a thousand times greater than the atmosphere. In contrast to the land, the ocean can transport energy from the warm tropics to colder high latitudes. Thus, as with the atmosphere, ocean models simulate large-scale movement of mass and energy. In addition, small-scale processes, such as the sinking of cold, salty water near the poles, are parameterized within the ocean model.

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