Apple Adam

[Midas Souza]

TheAdam's apple is the protrusion in the neck formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx, typically visible in men, less frequently in women. The prominence of the Adam's apple increases in some men as a secondary male sex characteristic during puberty.[1]

The topographic structure which is externally visible and colloquially called the "Adam's apple" is caused by an anatomical structure of the thyroid cartilage called the laryngeal prominence or laryngeal protuberance protruding and forming a "bump" under the skin at the front of the throat. All human beings with a normal anatomy have a laryngeal protuberance of the thyroid cartilage. This prominence is typically larger and more externally noticeable in adult males. There are two reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, the structural size of the thyroid cartilage in males tends to increase during puberty,[2] and the laryngeal protuberance becomes more anteriorly focused. Secondly, the larynx, which the thyroid cartilage partially envelops, increases in size in male subjects during adolescence, moving the thyroid cartilage and its laryngeal protuberance towards the front of the neck. The adolescent development of both the larynx and the thyroid cartilage in males occurs as a result of hormonal changes, especially the normal increase in testosterone production in adolescent males. In females, the laryngeal protuberance sits on the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage, and the larynx tends to be smaller in size, and so the "bump" caused by protrusion of the laryngeal protuberance is much less visible or not discernible.[3] Even so, many women display an externally visible protrusion of the thyroid cartilage, an "Adam's apple", to varying degrees which are usually minor, and this should not normally be viewed as a medical disorder.

The Adam's apple, in relation with the thyroid cartilage which forms it, helps protect the walls and the frontal part of the larynx, including the vocal cords (which are located directly behind it).[4]

Another function of the Adam's apple is related to the deepening of the voice. During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage grows together with the larynx. Consequently, the laryngeal prominence grows in size mainly in men. Together, a larger soundboard is made up in phonation apparatus and, as a result, men get a deeper voice note.[5][6]

While both men and women can possess an Adam's apple, the larger frequency of its appearance in men has led to the perception of the Adam's apple as an indicator of masculinity. As such, transgender women may choose to undergo cosmetic surgery to remove it from their necks, a process known as chondrolaryngoplasty, or colloquially as a "tracheal shave".[7] Transgender men may choose to augment and thereby enlarge the Adam's apple, a process known as masculinization.[8]

The English term "Adam's apple" is a calque of Latin pomum Adami, which is found in European medical texts from as early as 1600.[14] "Adam's Apple" is found in a 1662 English translation of Thomas Bartholin's 1651 work Anatomia.[15]

The 1662 citation includes an explanation for the origin of the phrase: a piece of forbidden fruit was supposedly embedded in the throat of Adam, who according to the Abrahamic religions was the first man:[15] .mw-parser-output .templatequoteoverflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequoteciteline-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0

This etymology is also proposed by Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable and the 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary.[16] The story is not found in the Bible or other Judeo-Christian or Islamic writings.[17]

Linguist Alexander Gode proposed in 1968 that the Latin phrase pomum Adami (literally: 'Adam's apple') was a mistranslation of the Hebrew "tappuach ha adam meaning 'male bump'".[18] The confusion was supposedly due to the fact that in the Hebrew language the proper name "Adam" (אדם) literally means "man", and the word for "apple", "tapuach", is similar to the word "tafuach" which means "swollen", thus in combination: the swelling of a man.[19][20]

I'm looking for a way to tie my user to an Apple Id. I want to prevent multiple users from using the same Apple Id in-app purchase. I am assuming this is the point of "adam_id" in the receipt json. My question is how do I set it? I would set it during the subscription process and then verify it belongs to the specific user on my server before unlocking app content. How do you set the adam id of an in-app purchase? Thanks!

It's hard. Apple wants a user to be able to purchase multiple devices and use the app from any of those devices. You need to allow that. And Apple wants to protect the privacy of their users from app developers so you can't get their Apple ID for their iTunes Account.

You can write some identifier in the user's iCloud key-value file that is connected to that user's iCloud Account. Then each time you run the app look at that ID and make sure it is consistent with the user's claim to the IAP. Tell the user they need to be logged into their iCloud Account to buy the IAP. For example, user A buys the IAP and that fact is recorded in their key-value file. User A buys a new device and restores the IAP to that device (but in restore, and in 'repurchase for free', do not make a record in the user's iCloud Account key-value file). User A borrows his friends device and logs into his (user A's) iTunes Account and iCloud Account (worst case) and restores the IAP. Now the IAP can be used in all three devices. But when user A logs out of his iCloud Account and iTunes Account on user B's device, the IAP can only be used on 2 of the devices - the ones that remain logged into user A's iCloud Account. The problem with this approach is that some users will buy the IAP while logged onto their iCloud Account 'W' and then change to their iCloud Account 'X' and complain that the IAP no longer works. You need some way of handling such users.

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An attention-grabbing Super Bowl ad looked at what would have happened if Adam and Eve ate an avocado instead of an apple. Although a spoof, the Bible never actually specifies what Adam and Eve ate in the Garden of Eden. Then how did the apple become the dominant symbol of temptation, sin, and the fall of man?

Azzan Yadin-Israel, a professor of Jewish Studies and classics in the School of Arts and Sciences, tackles the question in his new book Temptation Transformed: The Story of How the Forbidden Fruit Became an Apple and an upcoming talk at Rutgers.

Although the idea that Adam and Eve ate an apple is common today, the Book of Genesis never mentions the identity of the forbidden fruit. This led to a great deal of speculation among early Jewish and Christian commentators, and several species became popular candidates, such as the fig and the grape, first and foremost, but also the pomegranate and the citron.

Since at least the 17th-century, scholars have agreed that the answer is to be found in a quirk of the Latin language. The Latin word for apple is "malum," which happens to be a homonym of the Latin word for "evil." Since, the argument goes, the forbidden fruit caused the fall of man and humanity's expulsion from paradise, it is certainly a terrible malum ("evil"). So what fruit is a more likely candidate than the malum, "apple"? This view has become received wisdom and is found in scholarly works across fields and disciplines.

It turns out that this explanation has no support in the Latin sources. I read through all the major (and many of the minor) medieval Latin commentators to the Book of Genesis, and pretty much no one refers to this play on words. More perplexing, even as late as the 14th century, the commentators don't identify the forbidden fruit with the apple. They still reference the fig and the grape, and sometimes other fruit species.

To answer this question, I examined the artistic representation of the fall of man scene, trying to determine where and when artists begin to portray the forbidden fruit as an apple. The answer was France in the 12th century, and from there to other countries. But why?

"Adam and Eve ate a pom," meant "Adam and Eve ate a fruit." Over time, however, the meaning of pom changed. Rather than a broad, general term for "fruit," it took on a narrower meaning: "apple." Once that change in meaning became widely accepted, readers of the Old French version of Genesis understood the statement "Adam and Eve ate a pom" to mean "Adam and Eve ate an apple." At that point, they understood the apple to be the fruit that the Bible itself identified as the forbidden fruit and began representing it in these terms.

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