Looking at the changes for prometheus/common v0.26.0, I see:
- Replace go-kit/kit/log with go-kit/log
This just jogged my memory as to what the issue is. For whatever reason, the log level is not set correctly if the exporter still uses go-kit/kit/log (instead of the newer go-kit/log) and is built with prometheus/common v0.26.0 or later.
blackbox_exporter v0.19.0 still uses go-kit/kit/log, so the options are either to patch that in Debian to use go-kit/log, or update to blackbox_exporter v0.20.0, which uses the latter.