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Although the Cherokee are probably the largest and most importanttribe in the United States, having their own national government andnumbering at any time in their history from 20,000 to 25,000 persons,almost nothing has yet been written of their history or generalethnology, as compared with the literature of such northern tribes asthe Delawares, the Iroquois, or the Ojibwa. The difference is due tohistorical reasons which need not be discussed here.
For this and other reasons much the greater portion of the materialherein contained has been procured among the East Cherokee living uponthe Qualla reservation in western North Carolina and in variousdetached settlements between the reservation and the Tennessee line.This has been supplemented with information obtained in the CherokeeNation in Indian Territory, chiefly from old men and women who hademigrated from what is now Tennessee and Georgia, and who consequentlyhad a better local knowledge of these sections, as well as of thehistory of the western Nation, than is possessed by their kindred inCarolina. The historical matter and the parallels are, of course,collated chiefly from printed sources, but the myths proper, with butfew exceptions, are from original investigation.
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The historical sketch must be understood as distinctly a sketch, nota detailed narrative, for which there is not space in the presentpaper. The Cherokee have made deep impress upon the history of thesouthern states, and no more has been attempted here than to give theleading facts in connected sequence. As the history of the Nation afterthe removal to the West and the reorganization in Indian Territorypresents but few points of ethnologic interest, it has been but brieflytreated. On the other hand the affairs of the eastern band have beendiscussed at some length, for the reason that so little concerning thisremnant is to be found in print.
One of the chief purposes of ethnologic study is to trace thedevelopment of human thought under varying conditions of race andenvironment, the result showing always that primitive man isessentially the same in every part of the world. With this object inview a considerable space has been devoted to parallels drawn almostentirely from Indian tribes of the United States and British America.For the southern countries there is but little trustworthy material,and to extend the inquiry to the eastern continent and the islands ofthe sea would be to invite an endless task.
The author desires to return thanks for many favors from the Libraryof Congress, the Geological Survey, and the Smithsonian Institution,and for much courteous assistance and friendly suggestion from theofficers and staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and[13]to acknowledge his indebtedness to the late ChiefN. J. Smith and family for services as interpreter and for kind hospitalityduring successive field seasons; to Agent H. W. Spray and wife forunvarying kindness manifested in many helpful ways; to Mr WilliamHarden, librarian, and the Georgia State Historical Society, forfacilities in consulting documents at Savannah, Georgia; to the lateCol. W. H. Thomas; Lieut. Col. W. W. Stringfield, of Waynesville; Capt.James W. Terrell, of Webster; Mrs A. C. Avery and Dr P. L. Murphy, ofMorganton; Mr W. A. Fair, of Lincolnton; the late Maj. James Bryson, ofDillsboro; Mr H. G. Trotter, of Franklin; Mr Sibbald Smith, ofCherokee; Maj. R. C. Jackson, of Smithwood, Tennessee; Mr D. R. Dunn,of Conasauga, Tennessee; the late Col. Z. A. Zile, of Atlanta; Mr L. M.Greer, of Ellijay, Georgia; Mr Thomas Robinson, of Portland, Maine; MrAllen Ross, Mr W. T. Canup, editor of the Indian Arrow, and theofficers of the Cherokee Nation, Tahlequah, Indian Territory; Dr D. T.Day, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., and Prof. G.M. Bowers, of the United States Fish Commission, for valuable oralinformation, letters, clippings, and photographs; to Maj. J. AdgerSmyth, of Charleston, S. C., for documentary material; to Mr StansburyHagar and the late Robert Grant Haliburton, of Brooklyn, N. Y., for theuse of valuable manuscript notes upon Cherokee stellar legends; to MissA. M. Brooks for the use of valuable Spanish document copies andtranslations entrusted to the Bureau of American Ethnology; to Mr JamesBlythe, interpreter during a great part of the time spent by the authorin the field; and to various Cherokee and other informants mentioned inthe body of the work, from whom the material was obtained. [14]
As is always the case with tribal geography, there were no fixedboundaries, and on every side the Cherokee frontiers were contested byrival claimants. In Virginia, there is reason to believe, the tribe washeld in check in early days by the Powhatan and the Monacan. On theeast and southeast the Tuscarora and Catawba were their inveterateenemies, with hardly even a momentary truce within the historic period;and evidence goes to show that the Sara or Cheraw were fully ashostile. On the south there was hereditary war with the Creeks, whoclaimed nearly the whole of upper Georgia as theirs by originalpossession, but who were being gradually pressed down toward the Gulfuntil, through the mediation of the United States, a treaty was finallymade fixing the boundary between the two tribes along a line runningabout due west from the mouth of Broad river on the Savannah. Towardthe west, the Chickasaw on the lower Tennessee and the Shawano on theCumberland repeatedly turned back the tide of Cherokee invasion fromthe rich central valleys, while the powerful Iroquois in the far northset up an almost unchallenged claim of paramount lordship from theOttawa river of Canada southward at least to the Kentucky river.
On the other hand, by their defeat of the Creeks and expulsion ofthe Shawano, the Cherokee made good the claim which they asserted toall the lands from upper Georgia to the Ohio river, including the richhunting grounds of Kentucky. Holding as they did the great mountainbarrier between the English settlements on the coast and the French orSpanish garrisons along the Mississippi and the Ohio, their geographicposition, no less than their superior number, would have given them thebalance of power in the South but for a looseness of tribalorganization in striking contrast to the compactness of the Iroquoisleague, by which for more than a century the French power was held incheck in the north. The English, indeed, found it convenient torecognize certain chiefs as supreme in the tribe, but the only realattempt to weld the whole Cherokee Nation into a political unit wasthat made by the French agent, Priber, about 1736, which failed fromits premature discovery by the English. We frequently find theirkingdom divided against itself, their very number preventing unity ofaction, while still giving them an importance above that of neighboringtribes.
The Middle dialect, which might properly be designated the Kituhwadialect, was originally spoken in the towns on the Tuckasegee and theheadwaters of the Little Tennessee, in the very heart of the Cherokeecountry, and is still spoken by the great majority of those now livingon the Qualla reservation. In some of its phonetic forms it agrees withthe Eastern dialect, but resembles the Western in having the lsound.
The Western dialect was spoken in most of the towns of eastTennessee and upper Georgia and upon Hiwassee and Cheowa rivers inNorth Carolina. It is the softest and most musical of all the dialectsof this musical language, having a frequent liquid l and elidingmany of the harsher consonants found in the other forms. It is also theliterary dialect, and is spoken by most of those now constituting theCherokee Nation in the West.
Scattered among the other Cherokee are individuals whosepronunciation and occasional peculiar terms for familiar objects giveindication of a fourth and perhaps a fifth dialect, which can not nowbe localized. It is possible that these differences may come fromforeign admixture, as of Natchez, Taskigi, or Shawano blood. There issome reason for believing that the people living on Nantahala riverdiffered dialectically from their neighbors on either side (3).
The Iroquoian stock, to which the Cherokee belong, had its chiefhome in the north, its tribes occupying a compact territory whichcomprised portions of Ontario, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, andextended down the Susquehanna and Chesapeake bay almost to the latitudeof Washington. Another body, including the Tuscarora, Nottoway, andperhaps also the Meherrin, occupied territory in northeastern NorthCarolina and the adjacent portion of Virginia. The Cherokee themselvesconstituted the third and southernmost body. It is evident that tribesof common stock must at one time have occupied contiguous territories,and such we find to be the case in this instance. The Tuscarora andMeherrin, and presumably also the Nottoway, are known to have come fromthe north, while traditional and historical evidence concur inassigning to the Cherokee as their early home the region about theheadwaters of the Ohio, immediately to the southward of their kinsmen,but bitter enemies, the Iroquois. The theory which brings the Cherokeefrom northern Iowa and the Iroquois from Manitoba is unworthy ofserious consideration. (4)
In the Walam Olum, which is, it is asserted, a metrical translationof an ancient hieroglyphic bark record discovered in 1820, the maintradition is given in practically the same way, with an appendix whichfollows the fortunes of the defeated tribe up to the beginning of thehistoric period, thus completing the chain of evidence. (5)
The Wyandot confirm the Delaware story and fix the identification ofthe expelled tribe. According to their tradition, as narrated in 1802,the ancient fortifications in the Ohio valley had been erected in thecourse of a long war between themselves and the Cherokee, whichresulted finally in the defeat of the latter.5
Although, as has been noted, Haywood expresses the opinion that theinvading Cherokee had overrun and exterminated the earlier inhabitants,he says in another place, on halfbreed authority, that the newcomersfound no Indians upon the waters of the Tennessee, with the exceptionof some Creeks living upon that river, near the mouth of the Hiwassee,the main body of that tribe being established upon and claiming all thestreams to the southward.13 There is considerable evidencethat the Creeks preceded the Cherokee, and within the last century theystill claimed the Tennessee, or at least the Tennessee watershed, fortheir northern boundary.
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