Hi Jack,
It is encouraging that it works with your arduino setup, which means your decoder/LED wiring is correct.
Here are a few things you could try.
You mentioned you had an Enttec Open USB DMX adapter, try and select that in LJ->View->Configuration->USB DMX, and also in your Patch you can select universe USB-OPEN instead of USB-Pro. (it may help to restart Lightjams after saving these changes)
Make sure the dip switches on your decoder are correctly set for channel 1, and that the dip switch #10 (fun mode) is set to Off.
Are you using the same XLR cable for both setups (PC and arduino)? If not, make sure the wiring color code is correct (dmx+, dmx -, ground).
Yes Generic RGB Fixture is the way to go in this case. You could also try adding 512 single channel generic dimmer fixtures just to test and see if something turns on.
I have made a little change to your project file which you can find attached to this message. You were pulsing the Int, Hue and Sat value all together, I changed it so that only the Int channel is pulsing.
Hope this helps