Lcm Package

[Pascale]

Step0: Packages you will need

The packages you will need to create a package are devtools and roxygen2. I am having you download the development version of the roxygen2 package.

Step 1: Create your package directory

You are going to create a directory with the bare minimum folders of R packages. I am going to make a cat-themed package as an illustration.

Additional side-notes: I learned basically all of these tricks at the rOpenSci hackathon. My academic sister Alyssa wrote a blog post describing how great it was. Hadley Wickham gets full credit for envisioning that R packages should be the easiest way to share code, and making functions/resources that make it so easy to do so.

The set of classes that make up the package may implement a particular specification and if so the specification title, version number, and vendor strings identify that specification. An application can ask if the package is compatible with a particular version, see the isCompatibleWith method for details. Specification version numbers use a syntax that consists of nonnegative decimal integers separated by periods ".", for example "2.0" or "1.2.3.4.5.6.7". This allows an extensible number to be used to represent major, minor, micro, etc. versions. The version specification is described by the following formal grammar: SpecificationVersion: Digits RefinedVersionopt RefinedVersion: . Digits . Digits RefinedVersion Digits: Digit Digits Digit: any character for which Character.isDigit(char) returns true, e.g. 0, 1, 2, ... The implementation title, version, and vendor strings identify an implementation and are made available conveniently to enable accurate reporting of the packages involved when a problem occurs. The contents all three implementation strings are vendor specific. The implementation version strings have no specified syntax and should only be compared for equality with desired version identifiers. Within each ClassLoader instance all classes from the same java package have the same Package object. The static methods allow a package to be found by name or the set of all packages known to the current class loader to be found.See Also:ClassLoader.definePackage(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.net.URL)Method SummaryAll Methods Static Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and TypeMethod and Description

AgetAnnotation(Class annotationClass)Returns this element's annotation for the specified type if such an annotation is present, else null.Annotation[]getAnnotations()Returns annotations that are present on this element.

A[]getAnnotationsByType(Class annotationClass)Returns annotations that are associated with this element.

AgetDeclaredAnnotation(Class annotationClass)Returns this element's annotation for the specified type if such an annotation is directly present, else null.Annotation[]getDeclaredAnnotations()Returns annotations that are directly present on this element.

A[]getDeclaredAnnotationsByType(Class annotationClass)Returns this element's annotation(s) for the specified type if such annotations are either directly present or indirectly present.StringgetImplementationTitle()Return the title of this package.StringgetImplementationVendor()Returns the name of the organization, vendor or company that provided this implementation.StringgetImplementationVersion()Return the version of this implementation.StringgetName()Return the name of this package.static PackagegetPackage(String name)Find a package by name in the callers ClassLoader instance.static Package[]getPackages()Get all the packages currently known for the caller's ClassLoader instance.StringgetSpecificationTitle()Return the title of the specification that this package implements.StringgetSpecificationVendor()Return the name of the organization, vendor, or company that owns and maintains the specification of the classes that implement this package.StringgetSpecificationVersion()Returns the version number of the specification that this package implements.inthashCode()Return the hash code computed from the package name.booleanisAnnotationPresent(Class

To support this, Python has a way to put definitions in a file and use them in ascript or in an interactive instance of the interpreter. Such a file is called amodule; definitions from a module can be imported into other modules or intothe main module (the collection of variables that you have access to in ascript executed at the top level and in calculator mode).

This does not add the names of the functions defined in fibo directly tothe current namespace (see Python Scopes and Namespaces for more details);it only adds the module name fibo there. Usingthe module name you can access the functions:

A module can contain executable statements as well as function definitions.These statements are intended to initialize the module. They are executed onlythe first time the module name is encountered in an import statement. [1](They are also run if the file is executed as a script.)

This imports all names except those beginning with an underscore (_).In most cases Python programmers do not use this facility since it introducesan unknown set of names into the interpreter, possibly hiding some thingsyou have already defined.

Note that in general the practice of importing * from a module or package isfrowned upon, since it often causes poorly readable code. However, it is okay touse it to save typing in interactive sessions.

On file systems which support symlinks, the directory containing the inputscript is calculated after the symlink is followed. In other words thedirectory containing the symlink is not added to the module search path.

After initialization, Python programs can modify sys.path. Thedirectory containing the script being run is placed at the beginning of thesearch path, ahead of the standard library path. This means that scripts in thatdirectory will be loaded instead of modules of the same name in the librarydirectory. This is an error unless the replacement is intended. See sectionStandard Modules for more information.

To speed up loading modules, Python caches the compiled version of each modulein the __pycache__ directory under the name module.version.pyc,where the version encodes the format of the compiled file; it generally containsthe Python version number. For example, in CPython release 3.3 the compiledversion of spam.py would be cached as __pycache__/spam.cpython-33.pyc. Thisnaming convention allows compiled modules from different releases and differentversions of Python to coexist.

The __init__.py files are required to make Python treat directoriescontaining the file as packages (unless using a namespace package, arelatively advanced feature). This prevents directories with a common name,such as string, from unintentionally hiding valid modules that occur lateron the module search path. In the simplest case, __init__.py can just bean empty file, but it can also execute initialization code for the package orset the __all__ variable, described later.

Note that when using from package import item, the item can be either asubmodule (or subpackage) of the package, or some other name defined in thepackage, like a function, class or variable. The import statement firsttests whether the item is defined in the package; if not, it assumes it is amodule and attempts to load it. If it fails to find it, an ImportErrorexception is raised.

Be aware that submodules might become shadowed by locally defined names. Forexample, if you added a reverse function to thesound/effects/__init__.py file, the from sound.effects import *would only import the two submodules echo and surround, but not thereverse submodule, because it is shadowed by the locally definedreverse function:

If __all__ is not defined, the statement from sound.effects import *does not import all submodules from the package sound.effects into thecurrent namespace; it only ensures that the package sound.effects hasbeen imported (possibly running any initialization code in __init__.py)and then imports whatever names are defined in the package. This includes anynames defined (and submodules explicitly loaded) by __init__.py. Italso includes any submodules of the package that were explicitly loaded byprevious import statements. Consider this code:

In this example, the echo and surround modules are imported in thecurrent namespace because they are defined in the sound.effects packagewhen the from...import statement is executed. (This also works when__all__ is defined.)

Remember, there is nothing wrong with using from package importspecific_submodule! In fact, this is the recommended notation unless theimporting module needs to use submodules with the same name from differentpackages.

When packages are structured into subpackages (as with the sound packagein the example), you can use absolute imports to refer to submodules of siblingspackages. For example, if the module sound.filters.vocoder needs to usethe echo module in the sound.effects package, it can use fromsound.effects import echo.

You can also write relative imports, with the from module import name formof import statement. These imports use leading dots to indicate the current andparent packages involved in the relative import. From the surroundmodule for example, you might use:

Note that relative imports are based on the name of the current module. Sincethe name of the main module is always "__main__", modules intended for useas the main module of a Python application must always use absolute imports.

Although Washington made a competitive offer, according to a person with knowledge of the situation, the Los Angeles Rams won out with a package that included a third-round pick this year, two future first-round picks and quarterback Jared Goff.

A package manager or package-management system is a collection of software tools that automates the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing computer programs for a computer in a consistent manner.[1]

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