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Ugo Foscolo
(Italian: [?u??o ?foskolo]; 6 February 1778 in Zakynthos – 10 September
1827 in Turnham Green), born Niccolò Foscolo, was an Italian writer,
revolutionary and a poet.[1]
He is especially remembered for his 1807 long poem Dei Sepolcri.
Foscolo was born in Zakynthos in the Ionian Islands. His
father Andrea Foscolo was Dei Sepolcri an impoverished Venetian
nobleman, and his mother Diamantina Spathis was Greek.[2][3][4][5][6]
In 1788, upon the death of his father, who worked as a
physician in Spalato (present-day Split, Croatia), the family moved to
Venice, and Foscolo completed the studies he began at the Dalmatian
grammar school at the University of Dei Sepolcri Padua.[7]
Amongst his Paduan teachers was the Abbé Melchiore
Cesarotti, whose version of Ossian was very popular in Italy, and who
influenced Foscolo's literary tastes; he knew both modern and Ancient
Greek. His literary ambition revealed itself in the appearance in 1797
of his tragedy Tieste—a production that enjoyed a Dei Sepolcri certain
degree of success.[7]
Foscolo, who, for unknown reasons, had
changed his
Christian name Niccolò to that of Ugo, now began to take an active part
in the stormy political discussions which the fall of the republic of
Venice had triggered off. He was a prominent member of the national Dei
Sepolcri committees, and addressed an ode to Napoleon, expecting
Napoleon to overthrow the Venetian oligarchy and create a free
republic.[7]
The Treaty of Campo Formio (17 October 1797) meant the
definitive end to the ancient Republic of Venice, which was disbanded
and partitioned by the French and the Austrians gave a Dei Sepolcri rude
shock to Foscolo, but did not quite destroy his hopes. The state of
mind produced by that shock is reflected in his novel The Last Letters
of Jacopo Ortis (1798), which was described by the 1911 Encyclopædia
Britannica as a more politicized version of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's
The Dei Sepolcri Sorrows of Young Werther, "for the hero of Foscolo
embodies the mental sufferings and suicide of an undeceived Italian
patriot
just as the hero of Goethe places before us the too delicate
sensitiveness embittering and at last cutting short the life of a
private German scholar."[7]
The story of Foscolo, Dei Sepolcri like that of Goethe, had
a groundwork of melancholy fact. Jacopo Ortis had been a real person;
he was a young student from Padua, and committed suicide there under
circumstances akin to those described by Foscolo.[7]
Foscolo, like many of his contemporaries, had thought much
about suicide. Cato the Younger Dei Sepolcri and the many classical
examples of self-destruction described in Plutarch's Lives appealed to
the imaginations of young Italian patriots as they had done in France to
those of the heroes and heroines of the Gironde. In the case of
Foscolo, as in that of Goethe, the effect produced on the Dei Sepolcri
writer's mind by the composition of the work seems to have been
beneficial. He had seen the ideal of a great national future rudely
shattered; but he did not despair
of his country, and sought relief in now turning to gaze on the ideal of a great national poet.[7]
After Dei Sepolcri the fall of Venice Foscolo moved to
Milan, where he formed a friendship with the older poet Giuseppe Parini,
whom he later remembered with admiration and gratitude.[7] In Milan, he
published a choice of 12 Sonnets, where he blends the passionate
sentiments shown in Ortis with classical control of language Dei
Sepolcri and rhythm.
Still hoping that his country would be freed by Napoleon,
he served as a volunteer in the French army, took part in the battle of
the Trebbia and the siege of Genoa, was wounded and made prisoner. When
released he returned to Milan, and there gave the last Dei Sepolcri
touches to his Ortis, published a translation of and commentary upon
Callimachus, commenced a version of the Iliad and began his translation
of Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy[7].
He also took part in a failed memorandum
intended to present a new model of unified Italian government Dei Sepolcri to Napoleon.
confortate di pianto è forse il sonno
della morte men duro? Ove piú il Sole
per me alla terra non-fecondi questa
bella d'erbe famiglia e d'animali,
e quando vaghe di lusinghe innanzi
a me non-danzeran l'ore future,
né da te, dolce amico, udrò piú il verso
e la mesta armonia che lo governa,
né piú nel Dei Sepolcri cor mi parlerà lo spirto
delle vergini Muse e dell'amore,
unico spirto a mia vita raminga,
qual fia ristoro a' dí perduti un sasso
che distingua le mie dalle infinite
Lines 1–15[8]
English translation by Ugo Foscolo himself:
Beneath the cypress shade, or sculptured urn
By fond tears watered, is the sleep of death
Less heavy? — When Dei Sepolcri for me the sun no more
Shall shine on earth, to bless with genial beams
This beauteous race of beings animate —
When bright with flattering hues the coming hours
No longer dance before me — and I hear
No more, regarded friend, thy dulcet verse,
Nor the sad gentle harmony it breathes —
When mute Dei S
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