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Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (UK: /d?
?bo?vw??r/, US: /d? bo??vw??r/;[3][4] French: [sim?n d? bovwa?]
(listen); 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer,
intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist
and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher,
she had a significant influence Il secondo sesso on both feminist
existentialism and feminist theory.[5]
Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography
and monographs on philosophy, politics, and social issues. She was known
for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a detailed analysis of women's
oppression and a foundational tract of contemporary feminism; and for
her novels, including She Il secondo sesso Came to Stay and The
Mandarins. Her most enduring contribution to literature are her memoirs,
notable the first volume, “Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée” (1958),
which have a warmth and descriptive power.[6] She was also known for her
open, lifelong relationship with French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
Simone de Beauvoir was Il secondo sesso born on 9 January 1908[7] into a bourgeois Parisian family
in the 6th arrondissement.[8][9][10] Her parents were Georges Bertrand
de Beauvoir, a legal secretary who once aspired to be an actor,[11] and
Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), a wealthy banker's daughter and
devout Catholic. Simone's sister, Hélène, was born two years Il secondo
sesso later. The family struggled to maintain their bourgeois status
after losing much of their fortune shortly after World War I, and
Françoise insisted that the two daughters be sent to a prestigious
convent school. Beauvoir herself was deeply religious as a child, at one
point intending to become a nun. Il secondo sesso She abandoned her
faith in her early teens and remained an atheist for the rest of her
life.[12]
Beauvoir was intellectually precocious, fueled by her
father's encouragement; he reportedly would boast, "Simone thinks like a
man!"[13] Because of her family's straitened circumstances, Beauvoir
could no longer rely on her dowry, Il secondo sesso and like other
middle-class girls of her age, her marriage opportunities were put at
risk. Beauvoir took this opportunity to
take steps towards earning a living for herself.[14]
After passing baccalaureate exams in mathematics and
philosophy in 1925, she studied mathematics at the Institut Catholique
de Paris and literature/languages at Il secondo sesso the Institut
Sainte-Marie [fr]. She then studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and after
completing her degree in 1928, she wrote her diplôme d'études
supérieures [fr] (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis) on Leibniz for
Léon Brunschvicg (the topic was "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept
in Leibniz"]).[15]
Beauvoir first worked with Maurice Il secondo sesso
Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss, when all three completed their
practice teaching requirements at the same secondary school. Although
not officially enrolled, she sat in on courses at the École Normale
Supérieure in preparation for the agrégation in philosophy, a highly
competitive postgraduate examination which serves as a national ranking
of Il secondo sesso students. It was while studying for the agrégation
that she met École Normale students Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Nizan, and
René Maheu (who gave her the lasting nickname "Castor", or
"beaver").[11]
The jury for the agrégation narrowly awarded Sartre
first place instead of Beauvoir, who placed second and, at age 21, Il
secondo sesso was the youngest person ever to pass the exam.[16]
Writing of her youth in Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter she
said:
"...my father's individualism and pagan ethical standards were in
complete contrast to the rigidly moral conventionalism of my mother's
teaching. This disequilibrium, which made my life a kind of endless Il
secondo sesso disputation, is the main reason why I became an
intellectual."[17]
From 1929 to 1943, Beauvoir taught at the lycée level until
she could support herself solely on the earnings of her writings. She
taught at the Lycée Montgrand [fr] (Marseille), the Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc
(Rouen) [fr], and the Lycée Molière (Paris) [fr] (1936–39).[18]
During Il secondo sesso October 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre and
Beauvoir became a couple and, after they were confronted by her father,
Sartre asked her to marry him on a provisional basis: one day while they
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