Re: ABB Switchgear Manual 12 Ed Pdf
Emmanuelle Riker
More than 70 years after publication of the first edition of the BBC switchgear manual by A. Hoppner, the 13th revised edition is now available as the ABB switchgear manual. As always, it is intended for both experienced switchgear professionals as well as beginners and students.
Since 1948, the ABB Switchgear Manual has served technicians in planning and commissioning, as well as students and other interested technicians who work in the field of switchgear technology and related areas.
Starting with fundamental physical and technical terms, the book offers a broad overview about switchgear technology at all voltage levels, power systems planning, protection and control technologies and transformers. With this revision, the book is updated with sections about state-of-the-art technology.
In this edition, a team of authors comprising experienced engineers from all relevant areas has described the current and future-oriented solutions and technologies. Not only is the technology of switchgear installations and apparatus in the areas of low, medium and high voltage described. Related areas such as digital control systems, project planning, network calculation, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), etc. are also considered.
Reflecting their current importance, the sections on digitalization and the connection of offshore wind farms have been expanded. This is complemented by information on alternative insulation gases, as well as innovative switchgear systems like the digital substation, with attention to the latest standards, especially IEC 61850.
Encorp paralleling switchgear is designed to be used as a peak-shaving control system that allows the generator to operate only when the utility is available. Encorp switchgear includes an integrated control, display and circuit breaker panel. The generator can synchronize individually on and off to the power source in a soft transition mode, supplementing utility power to perform a peak-shaving operation.
Encorp switchgear may command the generator to start by receiving a signal from the software located off site. Once the signal is received, Encorp switchgear will automatically start the generator, bring it to rated speed (50/60 Hz), synchronize it to the utility and then softload the generator to a predetermined base-load set point. The generator will remain paralleled to the utility until a signal is received to end the peak-shaving operation. When the remote signal is received to stop the generator, the switchgear will soft unload the generator, open the generator breaker, and cool down the engine for a set time period before shutting off.
At a selected start time and/or set demand level, the switchgear will automatically start the generator, synchronize it to the utility, close the generator breaker, softload it to a predetermined base-load set point and remain paralleled to the utility. At the selected shut-down time and/or minimum demand level, the switchgear will automatically soft unload the generator, open the generator breaker and cool down and shut off the engine.
Kulicke & Soffa's newSeries 4500digital programmable manual wire bonders claims to offer aprogrammable automated bonding cycle for consistent, repeatable bonding,enabling high yields in the most challenging manual wire bonding applications(Plate 1).
Consisting of dedicatedmodels for wedge bonding, ball bonding and single-point TAB, the new bondersmaximize productivity by combining easy operation with digital capabilities. The4500digital can store up to 200 process programs with six independent channelsper program. The operator can load any program and access any parameter at thetouch of a button, minimizing set-up time and error.
Automation has not only streamlined operations but also enhanced the safety and reliability of power distribution networks, marking a significant leap in the evolution of switchgear technology. Despite these clear benefits, the industry's mixed reception reveals a complex landscape of technological adoption, highlighting a journey marked by both advancements and challenges.
Traditionally, LV and MV switchgear were manually operated, serving as the cornerstone for controlling power flow and protecting electrical circuits from overloads and faults. These systems were mechanical, requiring physical manipulation to operate or switch circuits under different load conditions. As the electricity demand grew and systems became more complex, the need for more efficient, reliable and safe control mechanisms became evident, setting the stage for the integration of automation in switchgear systems.
The transition from manual to automated operations represents a paradigm shift, driven by the need for more efficient management of electrical power with minimal human intervention. Automated switchgear systems use intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and remote control and monitoring systems, facilitating real-time data acquisition, condition monitoring and precise control. This evolution has led to reduced downtime, improved system reliability and enhanced capacity to pre-emptively address potential issues, thereby minimising the risk of power outages and equipment failures.
Digitalisation has further propelled the automation of switchgear, integrating cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI). These advancements enable enhanced data analytics, predictive maintenance and better decision-making processes. Digitalised switchgear operates more efficiently, offering detailed insights into system performance and energy consumption, and enabling remote management and diagnostics. This level of control and monitoring not only improves operational performance but also extends the lifespan of the equipment.
Despite the clear advantages, certain industries remain hesitant to fully embrace automation in switchgear. This reluctance often stems from concerns about reliability and the fear of increased vulnerability to cyber-attacks or system failures. In critical applications, such as healthcare or manufacturing, where uninterrupted power supply is paramount, the perceived risks of transitioning to a fully automated system can outweigh the potential benefits.
In my professional experience, the shift towards automation in switchgear systems has been significant, especially during replacement projects of outdated equipment with modern, automated switchgear. This process involves replacing old, end-of-life switchgear with advanced, internal arc-proof switchboards equipped with modern IEDs.
A notable improvement includes sophisticated auto-transfer systems capable of handling many signals, drastically reducing the likelihood of false or incorrect transfers. Traditional switchgear relied on numerous relays and auxiliary components, a method that pales in comparison to the capabilities of modern IEDs. These devices enhance alarm management and historical data logging, while also improving the accuracy and response time of protection trips.
However, transitioning to modern automation is not without challenges. A notable issue is the phase-out of older communication protocols, complicating the updating or replacement of IEDs if not proactively managed. It is crucial to maintain compatibility with existing communication equipment to avoid emergency replacement difficulties. Further, the original configuration or project files must be meticulously preserved to ensure system integrity during modifications.
To bridge the gap between traditional and modern systems, developing hybrid solutions combines communication-based automation with conventional copper-based control methods. This approach not only maintains system reliability but also assuages concerns regarding the dependability of fully automated systems. Such dual-system setups offer a fallback option, reassuring stakeholders of the system's reliability and easing the transition to more advanced automation technologies.
The future of switchgear automation is promising, indicating an increasing embrace of automated technologies, which I believe will continue to enhance the efficiency, reliability and safety of electrical distribution systems. The blend of traditional and modern methodologies in switchgear projects exemplifies the industry's adaptability and commitment to leveraging technology for improved operational performance.
Looking ahead, emerging technologies such as AI and machine learning could lead to more autonomous systems capable of self-diagnosis and self-correction. However, addressing challenges like cybersecurity threats, technical complexities, and the need for a skilled workforce for effective management and operation of automated systems is essential to fully harness the potential of automation in switchgear.
Andries Koen, a South African electrical engineer with a B.Eng. from North West University, specialises in LV and MV switchgear. Since 2011, he has worked at Proconics, ascending to Senior Manager: Electrical. His expertise lies in modernising switchgear through automation, enhancing efficiency, reliability and safety in power distribution.
In continuing its development of the Perforex, Rittal has incorporated the practical experience gained through exchanges with customers. This has led to numerous technical improvements that will help customers in their day-to-day work. There is also an operating concept that is tailored to perfect interaction with the software solutions from Eplan and Rittal.
One example is the integrated swarf suction extraction feature directly on the spindle, which, together with a new floor seal, reduces the effort needed for cleaning. Moreover, new workpieces can now be retrofitted much more quickly. The new automatic tool measurement feature checks the length of the current tool and automatically transfers the parameters to the machine controls. It also detects any tool breaks, which results in fewer outages and an overall higher level of productivity. The patented pressure plate reduces vibrations, leading to a longer tool life, higher cutting speeds and better cut edges. New light barriers and light curtains ensure safety.
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