Colossal Movie Download
Cynthia Figarsky
Malt-O-Meal Berry Colossal Crunch breakfast cereal packs big berry flavor and big crunch into bite-sized pieces. Crunchy corn and oats with a blast of sweet berry will put some excitement into your day. You can enjoy this colorful fan-favorite colossal flavor and crunch as part of your breakfast, a mid-day snack, or in one of our tasty recipes!
Performed in four fifteen-minute quarters with a half-time show, featuring a dance company, a drum corps, and a fully-padded cast, Colossal is an epic event that simultaneously celebrates and attacks our nation's most popular form of theatre: football.
"It truly is colossal, smartly presenting a subject that is epic in scope and setting - a college football field in Texas - and enhancing it with little moments that speak of various kinds of relationships between men: fathers and sons, teammates, mentors, and lovers." - Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Read More
Andrew Hinderaker is a Resident Playwright of Chicago Dramatists, an ensemble member of the Gift Theatre in Chicago, and a three-time Jeff Award Nominee. His plays include I Am Going To Change The World, Dirty, Kingsville and Suicide, Incorporated, which premiered at the Gift ...
Reaching combined body and tentacle lengths up to 46 feet (14 m) and weights of at least 1100 pounds (500 kg), the colossal squid is a very large deep-sea predator. Like in many large species, all the largest individuals are female. They eat small and large fishes (including the Patagonian toothfish) and other squids. Their tentacles are covered with suckers that are equipped with strong, sharp hooks, used in both capturing prey and fighting off predation. Writers have often imagined that this species engages in fierce battles with sperm whales, leaving both species injured. Most southern Sperm Whales are covered with scars from colossal squid hooks. Other diving mammals (including the southern elephant seal) and large Southern Ocean predators feed on juvenile colossal squid, but the sperm whale is the only species known to take adults. Specific mating behaviors are unknown in this species, but it reproduces via internal fertilization.
Colossal squid are only rarely captured in deep-sea fisheries targeting other species. In almost every case, they have been captured trying to feed on hooked fishes rather than in nets. This species is not targeted commercially and is likely naturally rare. In a recent analysis, scientists reported that the colossal squid is a species of least concern. As it is an important prey species for charismatic, protected species like sperm whales and southern elephant seals, it is vital that scientists determine its population trends and continue to study its biology and ecology.
A gas dynamics computer simulation of the system shows that during a close passage, gas is raised into a huge tidal wave on the larger star before crashing back to the surface. Credit: Morgan MacLeod, CfA
"Each crash of the star's towering tidal waves releases enough energy to disintegrate our entire planet several hundred times over," says Morgan MacLeod, a Postdoctoral Fellow in Theoretical Astrophysics at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) and author of a new study published in Nature Astronomy reporting the findings. "These are really big waves."
And yet, according to Professor Abraham (Avi) Loeb, MacLeod's advisor, the Director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at CfA and the paper's other author, "Breaking waves in stars are as beautiful as those on the beaches of our oceans."
Most heartbeat stars vary in brightness only by about 0.1%, but MACHO 80.7443.1718 jumped out to astronomers because of its unprecedentedly dramatic brightness swings, up and down by 20%. "We don't know of any other heartbeat star that varies this wildly," says MacLeod.
To unravel the mystery, MacLeod created a computer model of MACHO 80.7443.1718. His model captured how the interacting gravity of the two stars generates massive tides in the bigger star. The resulting tidal waves rise to about a fifth of the behemoth star's radius, which equates to waves about as tall as three Suns stacked on top of each other, or roughly 2.7 million miles high.
The simulations show that the massive waves start out as smooth and organized swells, just like ocean water waves, before curling over on themselves and breaking. As beachgoers know, powerfully crashing ocean waves launch sea spray and bubbles, leaving "a big foamy mess" where there was once a smooth wave, MacLeod says.
The tremendous energy release of the crashing waves on MACHO 80.7443.1718 has two effects, MacLeod's model shows. It spins the stellar surface faster and faster, and hurls stellar gas outward to form a rotating and glowing stellar atmosphere.
About once a month, the two stars pass each other and a fresh monster wave barrels across the heartbreak star's surface. Cumulatively, this agitation has caused the big star in MACHO 80.7443.1718 to bulge at its equator by about 50% more than at its poles. And, with each new passing wave, more material is flung outward, like "spinning pizza crust flinging off chunks of cheese and sauce" says MacLeod. The signature glow of this atmosphere was one of the key clues that waves were breaking on the star's surface, according to MacLeod.
As unprecedented as MACHO 80.7443.1718 is, it is unlikely to be unique. Of the nearly 1,000 heartbeat stars discovered so far, about 20 of them display large brightness fluctuations approaching those of the system simulated by MacLeod and Loeb. "This heartbreak star could just be the first of a growing class of astronomical objects," MacLeod says. "We're already planning a search for more heartbreak stars, looking for the glowing atmospheres flung off by their breaking waves."
All things considered, MacLeod says we are lucky to have caught the star in this phase, "We are watching a brief and transformative moment in a long stellar lifetime." And by watching the colossal surf roll across a stellar surface, astronomers hope to gain an understanding of how close interactions shape the evolution of stellar pairs.
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