5g Network In Cambodia
Olivie Inoue
Telecommunications in Cambodia include telephone, radio, television, and Internet services, which are regulated by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. Transport and posts were restored throughout most of the country in the early 1980s during the People's Republic of Kampuchea regime after being disrupted under Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge).
In January 1987, the Soviet-aided Intersputnik space communications station began operation in Phnom Penh and established two-way telecommunication links between the Cambodian capital and the cities of Moscow, Hanoi, Vientiane and Paris. The completion of the earth satellite station restored the telephone and telex links among Phnom Penh, Hanoi, and other countries for the first time since 1975. Although telecommunications services were initially limited to the government, these advances in communications helped break down the country's isolation, both internally and internationally.
As of Q1 2020, Cambodia's mobile connection is at 21.4 million.[2] Smart Axiata, a leading telecommunications company, in 2019 conducted a live trial of its 5G network with support from China's Huawei. The company said it expects to begin rolling out 5G services in Cambodia by the end of 2019.[3]
GSMA predicted that by 2025, Cambodia will have approximately 24.3 million total mobile connections with smartphone connections up to 69%. The market is predicted to adopt 1.6 million of 5G connections within 5 years from 2020. Though so, it's believed that 4G still have room for growth and will continue to be the majority network connection.[2]
As of 2019, there were roughly 84 radio broadcast stations: 1 state-owned broadcaster with multiple stations and a large mixture of public and private broadcasters. Several international broadcasters are also available.[1]
Cambodia has 27 TV broadcast stations with most operating on multiple channels, including 1 state-operated station broadcasting from multiple locations, 11 stations either jointly operated or privately owned with some broadcasting from several locations. Multi-channel cable and satellite systems are also available. There is one Chinese joint venture television station with the Ministry of Interior. Several television and radio operators broadcast online only (often via Facebook).[1]
As of 2019[update] the number of internet users in Cambodia rose to 15.8 million, about 98.5% of the population. According to the Telecommunications Regulator of Cambodia (TRC), the number of registered SIM cards rose by 9.4 percent during the first half of the year, reaching 20.8 million. The SIM card market is saturated, with Cambodia now having more active SIM cards than people. According to TRC, there are six telecommunications firms in the country: Cellcard, Smart Axiata, Metfone, Seatel, Cootel, and qb. Three companies, Metfone, Cellcard, and Smart, account for 90% of users. TRC noted that, as of February 2019, Facebook had seven million users in Cambodia.[3]
The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press; however, these rights were not always respected in practice. The 1995 press law prohibits prepublication censorship or imprisonment for expressing opinions; however, the government uses the penal code to prosecute citizens on defamation, disinformation, and incitement charges. The penal code does not prescribe imprisonment for defamation, but does for incitement or spreading disinformation, which carry prison sentences of up to three years. Judges also can order fines, which may lead to jail time if not paid. The constitution requires that free speech not adversely affect public security.[12]
Corruption remains pervasive and governmental human rights bodies are generally ineffective. A weak judiciary that sometimes fails to provide due process or fair trial procedures is a serious problem. The courts lack human and financial resources and, as a result, are not truly independent and are subject to corruption and political influence.[12]
On 17 February 2021, the Cambodian government announced its plans to launch a censorship scheme called "National Internet Gateway" which heavily resembles China's Great Firewall,[13] and it will get launched in February 2022.[14][15]
This evolution of mobile technology will enable subscribers to enjoy 10 times faster average mobile Internet speeds than normal 4G. With the launch of 4.5G network, millions of Cambodian users will be able to enjoy streaming videos and entertainment content with greater ease and super-fast connection. In the foreseeable future, 4.5G technology will also facilitate Smart to provide new services to households & verticals on the existing network, such as wireless home broadband (also known as WTTx), HD video, IoT and other services.
The milestone was announced in the presence of H.E. Tram Iv Tek, Minister of Posts and Telecommunications of Cambodia, Dr. Margaret Hu, President of Huawei Global Wireless Network Marketing, David Li, CEO of Huawei Technologies Cambodia, and other senior executives.
Cambodia is one of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in Southeast Asia, but enjoys strong growth in the face of major challenges in developing its electricity generation, transmission and distribution capacity throughout the whole country.
The needs are significant in a country where less than half of households, mostly located in urban areas, have access to electricity, at some of the highest rates in the world. Therefore, the government has set ambitious targets for electricity access: Connect 100% of villages in Cambodia to the national network by 2020 and 90% of households by 2030.
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Research at COMRU is focused around the important causes of morbidity and mortality in Cambodian children. Despite recently graduating to lower middle-income status, Cambodia remains one of the poorest nations in Southeast Asia with high rates of neonatal, infant and childhood mortality.
In addition to sharing research and program activities happening across the SERVIR network, SAGE is a space for tackling difficult questions: How can scientists and developers better work together? How can we improve listening to users, ask the right questions, and develop smarter, more useful applications? How can Earth science provide more accessible insights to help decisions made and actions taken on the ground?
Meticulous survey of the banks, channels and reservoirs at Angkor shows them to have been part of a large scale water management network instigated in the ninth century AD. Water collected from the hills was stored and could have been distributed for a wide variety of purposes including flood control, agriculture and ritual while a system of overflows and bypasses carried surplus water away to the lake, the Tonle Sap, to the south. The network had a history of numerous additions and modifications. Earlier channels both distributed and disposed of water. From the twelfth century onwards the large new channels primarily disposed of water to the lake. The authors here present and document the latest definitive map of the water network of Angkor.
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While the deadline for Internet service providers and telecommunications companies to connect to the gateway had been set for 16 February 2022, the plans have reportedly been delayed to an unspecified date.
Any cross-border networks that are currently authorized by the Cambodian government have to be rerouted and updated by the deadline. In addition, all network operators must connect to the gateway by this date, which has facilities in only four locations in the country.
As networks are not allowed to interconnect where it makes most technical and commercial sense to them, the result is likely to be significant degradation of network performance and increase in costs.
Principal Investigator: David Ader - da...@utk.edu
U.S. Collaborating Institution: The Pennsylvania State University, Tennessee State University
International Collaborating Institution(s): Asia Impact Center - ECHO, Center of Excellence on Sustianable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition (CE SAIN), Centre de cooperation internationale en recherche agronomique pour le developpement (CIRAD), Royal University of Agriculture, Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA), Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation (Swisscontact), University of Battambang