Mtk Special Tool V100.260

[Jessica Wilson]

Incomputing, CUDA (originally Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a proprietary[1] parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) that allows software to use certain types of graphics processing units (GPUs) for accelerated general-purpose processing, an approach called general-purpose computing on GPUs (GPGPU). CUDA API and its runtime: The CUDA API is an extension of the C programming language that adds the ability to specify thread-level parallelism in C and also to specify GPU device specific operations (like moving data between the CPU and the GPU).[2] CUDA is a software layer that gives direct access to the GPU's virtual instruction set and parallel computational elements for the execution of compute kernels.[3] In addition to drivers and runtime kernels, the CUDA platform includes compilers, libraries and developer tools to help programmers accelerate their applications.

CUDA is designed to work with programming languages such as C, C++, Fortran and Python. This accessibility makes it easier for specialists in parallel programming to use GPU resources, in contrast to prior APIs like Direct3D and OpenGL, which required advanced skills in graphics programming.[4] CUDA-powered GPUs also support programming frameworks such as OpenMP, OpenACC and OpenCL.[5][3]

CUDA was created by Nvidia in 2006.[6] When it was first introduced, the name was an acronym for Compute Unified Device Architecture,[7] but Nvidia later dropped the common use of the acronym and no longer uses it.[when?]

The graphics processing unit (GPU), as a specialized computer processor, addresses the demands of real-time high-resolution 3D graphics compute-intensive tasks. By 2012, GPUs had evolved into highly parallel multi-core systems allowing efficient manipulation of large blocks of data. This design is more effective than general-purpose central processing unit (CPUs) for algorithms in situations where processing large blocks of data is done in parallel, such as:

Ian Buck, while at Stanford in 2000, created an 8K gaming rig using 32 GeForce cards, then obtained a DARPA grant to perform general purpose parallel programming on GPUs. He then joined Nvidia, where since 2004 he has been overseeing CUDA development. In pushing for CUDA, Jensen Huang aimed for the Nvidia GPUs to become a general hardware for scientific computing. CUDA was released in 2006. Around 2015, the focus of CUDA changed to neural networks.[8]

The CUDA platform is accessible to software developers through CUDA-accelerated libraries, compiler directives such as OpenACC, and extensions to industry-standard programming languages including C, C++, Fortran and Python. C/C++ programmers can use 'CUDA C/C++', compiled to PTX with nvcc, Nvidia's LLVM-based C/C++ compiler, or by clang itself.[9] Fortran programmers can use 'CUDA Fortran', compiled with the PGI CUDA Fortran compiler from The Portland Group.[needs update] Python programmers can use the cuNumeric library to accelerate applications on Nvidia GPUs.

In addition to libraries, compiler directives, CUDA C/C++ and CUDA Fortran, the CUDA platform supports other computational interfaces, including the Khronos Group's OpenCL,[10] Microsoft's DirectCompute, OpenGL Compute Shader and C++ AMP.[11] Third party wrappers are also available for Python, Perl, Fortran, Java, Ruby, Lua, Common Lisp, Haskell, R, MATLAB, IDL, Julia, and native support in Mathematica.

In the computer game industry, GPUs are used for graphics rendering, and for game physics calculations (physical effects such as debris, smoke, fire, fluids); examples include PhysX and Bullet. CUDA has also been used to accelerate non-graphical applications in computational biology, cryptography and other fields by an order of magnitude or more.[12][13][14][15][16]

CUDA provides both a low level API (CUDA Driver API, non single-source) and a higher level API (CUDA Runtime API, single-source). The initial CUDA SDK was made public on 15 February 2007, for Microsoft Windows and Linux. Mac OS X support was later added in version 2.0,[17] which supersedes the beta released February 14, 2008.[18] CUDA works with all Nvidia GPUs from the G8x series onwards, including GeForce, Quadro and the Tesla line. CUDA is compatible with most standard operating systems.

oneAPI is an initiative based in open standards, created to support software development for multiple hardware architectures.[122] The oneAPI libraries must implement open specifications that are discussed publicly by the Special Interest Groups, offering the possibility for any developer or organization to implemente their own versions of oneAPI libraries.[123][124]

Unified Acceleration Foundation (UXL) is a new technology consortium working on the continuation of the OneAPI initiative, with the goal to create a new open standard accelerator software ecosystem, related open standards and specification projects through Working Groups and Special Interest Groups (SIGs). The goal is to offer open alternatives to Nvidia's CUDA. The main companies behind it are Intel, Google, ARM, Qualcomm, Samsung, Imagination, and VMware.[125]

History evolves with society. The BA in History at the University of Leeds reflects the latest developments in the study of history, providing an exceptionally broad coverage of history both by time period and geography. Our modules range from the fall of the Roman Empire to the 21st century, and focus on the history of Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, Britain and Europe.

Our tutors are experts in their field and their research will inform both what history you learn and how you learn it. You'll become an independent researcher with a range of critical thinking and analytical skills that are applicable to a broad range of careers.

FacilitiesThe University of Leeds has world-class facilities for historians. The University libraries are among the largest in the UK and offer a course of workshops and webinars to help you make the most of their collections, digital resources and databases. Skills@Library also offers one-to-one support to taught students on a wide range of academic and research skills, including academic writing, statistics, and data analysis.

The Special Collections Research Centre has recently undergone an extensive refurbishment and extension, after a generous bequest from the John Victor Bedford Will Trust. This provides new working spaces for individuals or groups and new teaching spaces that feature visualisers and projectors, allowing you to engage with primary sources using the latest techniques.

Year 1Year 1 is about your transition to degree-level study. The Exploring History core module provides you with a foundation as a history student, giving you the skills that you'll need, as well as developing and broadening your historical awareness. A second core module, Diverse Histories of Britain, introduces the latest and most innovative inclusive scholarship via an analysis of British history from the medieval period to the present day. You'll also choose from options in medieval to modern history from a global perspective that introduce you to a wide sweep of history and to the expertise of the staff in the School. These modules help you discover new historical interests, making extensive use of original primary source material and developing research skills that you'll use during your time at the University and beyond.

In Year 2, you'll explore a range of historical topics in more detail. Tailoring your degree to suit your emerging interests, you'll choose from a breadth of modules across medieval, early modern, and modern eras. Continuing your development as a historian, our History in Practice core module will allow you to develop and apply new skills. Depending on which pathway you take, this might involve working closely with archival material, engaging with public history, exploring different historical approaches, or learning the latest digital techniques and platforms.

BA History includes options in Levels 2 and 3 allowing you to specialise in heritage and public history. You'll be introduced to this theme in your first year through the Exploring History core module and can pursue this through module choices in Year 2, with the option of culminating in a Final Year Project in public history.

Our staff are both dedicated teachers and experts in their fields, so that their teaching is informed by their own cutting-edge research. We use a range of teaching methods to help you benefit from their expertise and our vision for teaching revolves around safe learning spaces and inclusive curricula, ensuring that everyone can participate. You'll learn in lectures, seminars, one-to-one tutorials, online discussions, and by creating and sharing content (eg presentations, posters, blogs, reviews). To develop your skills and involve you in public-facing activities, many modules include field trips, archive visits or museum handling sessions. These also provide opportunities to benefit from expertise outside of the School of History.

These learning activities are underpinned by digital technologies to structure your learning and intellectual development. You'll have the opportunity to learn how to produce podcasts, digital exhibitions, network graphs, blogs, text analyses, timelines, storyboards, maps, and bibliographies using the latest digital tools and platforms. You'll also be able to utilise reading lists provided by tutors to find the resources you need in our excellent libraries and online resources. Digital platforms provide curated lists of relevant opportunities to further the skills you need to excel in your modules, like workshops on presentations delivered by academic skills experts or professional training about different writing styles provided through LinkedInLearning. Our online spaces are integrated with in-person teaching activities, allowing you to review lectures, ask questions, test ideas, continue discussions, and record and reflect upon your learning.

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