“夺格”(又称“离格”)名称的由来及其用法

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fl.zheng

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Mar 6, 2006, 2:02:06 AM3/6/06
to Latin-French
关于拉丁文五格的中文译名:
Nominativus:主格(因为Nominativus总是充当主语)
Accusativus:宾格(accusativus充当动词或介词的宾语)
genetivus:属格/所有格(genetivus,指示of 或belonging to
...的关系)
dativus:与格(dato:给与;dativus充当接受给与物的间接宾语)
这四格都好理解,那么ablativus为何称“夺格“或者“离格“呢?

查Lewis latin dictionary得释义:
Ablativus: the ablative case (as denoting that from which something is
taken away)
taken away,所以“夺格”;away from,所以“离格”
然而Italia in Europa est.这里既没有taken away,又没有away
from,那么怎么还用“夺格”/“离格”呢?

查D'ooge's Latin for
Beginners教材,对ablativus的使用有如下解释:
The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English
by
the prepositions "from, with, by, at, in".
It denotes:
1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of
which
it is deprived -- generally translated by "from".
2. That wich which something is associated or by means of which it is
done -- translated by "with" or "by".
3. The place where or the time when something happens --translated by
"in"
or "at".
由是观之,第一点所说与Lewis字典释义正相同,即ablativus就是“由...分离”(separate
from...)、“自...始”(start from ...)、“从...夺”(take
away from...
),比较全面的翻译应该是“from”格,“夺格”、“离格”只是取了from的一个用法而已,拉丁文对应的介词是ab/ex.
[ab和ex的区别就是ab是from一个点,ex是from一个空间(里出来)]

但即使是叫做“from格”也不全面。
第二点指出了“with/by格”的用法,对应的拉丁文介词是cum/ab
第三点指出了“in格”的用法,表示静态意义的时间点、时间段、地域、地点,所以说Italia
in Europa est。

以上三点概括了ablativus所指示的关系,包括带方向性的from,和静态的in、on、at以及同行关系的with、by。

从而我们便可以总结出,为什么介词ad(to,towards),per(through)以及in作into,onto用时,不跟ablativus,因为具有方向性的介词,只有from才是跟ablativus的。

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