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ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืคืจื ืงโ€Ž

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Feb 25, 2024, 5:30:55โ€ฏAM2/25/24
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ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื ื“ื• ื ืจ"ื•ย ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ึจ๏ฌต ืึตืœึถึœื™ืšึธ ๏ฌชึถึฃืžึถืŸ ื–ึทึฅื™ึดืช ื–ึธึ›ืšึฐ ๏ฌปึธืชึดึ–ื™ืช ืœึท๏ฌพึธืึ‘๏ญ‹ืจ ืœึฐื”ึทืขึฒืœึนึฅืชย ื ึตึ–ืจย ๏ญŠึธืžึดึฝื™ื“:

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื—ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื”ย ื ืจ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื”ย ืชืžื™ื“ย ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”-ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชย ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื ืจย ื™ื”ื™ื”ย ืชืžื™ื“ย ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืงืจื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจย ืœืชืžื™ื“ย - ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.


ย ืฉื™ืฉื™, 23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2024 ื‘ืฉืขื” 11:37:07 GMTโ€Ž+2โ€Ž,โ€ tovim.ha2<tovi...@gmail.com>โ€ ื›ืชื‘:

ืืžื ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืื‘"ืข: ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ, [ื ืจ] ืชืžื™ื“.
ื•ืœืคื™"ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
ื–"ืœ ื”ืจืื‘"ืข (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื’, ื™ื—):
ื•ืžืœืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืžื•ืฉืš ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืื—ืจ ืขืžื• ื•ื”ื•ืย ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ. ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื’, ื™ื“) - ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช (ื‘ืจื' ื‘, ื˜) - ื“ืขืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” (ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืœื‘, ื™ื‘), ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื” (ืฉื ื›ื”, ื˜ื•), ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ื.

ย  24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2024 ื‘ืฉืขื” 22:20:17 GMTโ€Ž+2โ€Ž,โ€ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืชื•ืจื”<tame...@gmail.com>โ€ ื›ืชื‘:

ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืฃ ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื”ย ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ย ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื˜ืขื™ืžื™ืย ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœย 'ืชื•ืกืคืชย ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ' ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ, ื•ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ื›ืš.
ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืขืœ "ื‘ืกืคืจย ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”" ืœืขื•ืžืช "ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช", ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืฆืื ื• "ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช" ื•"ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช" ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื”ื ื” ื‘ื”ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืคื•ืกืง ื›ืชื•ืกืคืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘"ืœื• ื•ืœื–ืจืขื• ืื—ืจื™ื•" ืื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื™ ื–ื• ื”ื˜ืขืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.



ืืค"ืจ:
ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ [ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกืชื™ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืคื™ืกื•ืง ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™]:



ย 
ย 

ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ

ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช

ืœืฉื›ืช ืจื‘ ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก

ื“ ืฃ ืฉ ื‘ ื• ืข ื™

ืžืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช

ืžืกืคืจ 743

ืคืจืฉืช ืชืฆื•ื” ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืชืฉืก"ื—

ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“

ื“"ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ

ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”

ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคืจืฉืชื ื• ื ืืžืจ ืœืžืฉื”: "ื•ึฐืึทืชึผึธื” ืชึผึฐืฆึทื•ึผึถื” ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึฐื—ื•ึผ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ืฉืึถืžึถืŸ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ื–ึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึธืชึดื™ืช ืœึทืžึผึธืื•ึนืจ ืœึฐื”ึทืขึฒืœึนืช ื ึตืจ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“" (ื›ื–:ื›). ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืœื” "ืชืžื™ื“"? ื‘ื–ื” ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื: ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืœื•ืง ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ "ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืงืจื•ื™ ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ 'ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ื“' (ื‘ืž' ื›ื—:ื•), ื•ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื". ื›ืš ืžืคืจืฉ ื’ื ืจืื‘"ืข ืขืœ ืืชืจ: "ื˜ืขื ืชืžื™ื“ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื”". ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืื—ืจื™ื• (ืฉื ื›ื): "ื™ึทืขึฒืจึนืšึฐ ืึนืชื•ึน ืึทื”ึฒืจึนืŸ ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืžึตืขึถืจึถื‘ ืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ", ื•ื’ื ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘: "ืึตืฉื ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“ ืชึผื•ึผืงึทื“ ืขึทืœ ื”ึทืžึผึดื–ึฐื‘ึผึตื—ึท ืœึนื ืชึดื›ึฐื‘ึผึถื”" (ื•ื™ืง' ื•:ื•). ืžื”ืืžื™ืจื” "ืœื ืชื›ื‘ื”" ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ. ืขื ื–ื” ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชืžื™ื“" ื”ื™ื - ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ: "ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื". [1]

ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื ื•ืจื”, [2] ืื‘ืœ ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ [3] ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ืœืง ืชืžื™ื“, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ: "ื™ื”ื ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืœืง ืชื“ื™ืจ... ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื". ื›ืš ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื: "ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืžื ื ืืœื ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืง ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืก, [4] ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื–ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ". [5] ื ืก ื–ื” ืคืกืง ืขื ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื›ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื: " ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืฉืฉืžืฉ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ื™ื”... ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืœืง, ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื•ืœืง ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื‘ื”" (ื™ื•ืžื ืœื˜ ืข"ื).

ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืฉ"ื™. ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• (ืฉืžื•"ื ื’:ื’): "ื•ึฐื ึตืจ ืึฑ-ืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื˜ึถืจึถื ื™ึดื›ึฐื‘ึผึถื” ื•ึผืฉืึฐืžื•ึผืึตืœ ืฉืึนื›ึตื‘ ื‘ึผึฐื”ึตื™ื›ึทืœ ื”'". ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืœื ืฉืœืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจื“"ืง ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™: "ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืงืจ... ื•ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืœืง".

ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ื ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื“ืœืงื• ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช? ืžื”ืžื“ืจืฉ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ืœื) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื ื›ืจืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ:

ื‘ืจ ืงืคืจื ืคืชื—: 'ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืชืื™ืจ ื ืจื™' (ืชื”' ื™ื—:ื›ื˜). ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืื“ื: ื ืจืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ืš. ื ืจืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ: 'ื ืจ ื”' ื ืฉืžืช ืื“ื' (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›:ื›ื–). ื ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ืš 'ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“'. ืืœื ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื”: ืื ื”ืืจืช ื ืจื™, ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื ืจืš.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืื ื˜ื™ื•ื›ื•ืก ื•ืืช ืœื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ื•ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”:

ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื”, ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“'... ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื™ืจื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื, ืขืžื“ื• ื•ื˜ืžืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื ืฉืชื™ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื ืคืš ืฉืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื ืก ื•ื”ื“ืœื™ืงื• ืžืื•ืชื• ืคืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืžื™ื. [6]

ืœืจืžื‘"ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืœื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•:

ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื• ืžื ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื•ืžื ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื›ืช ืฉืœื• ื—ื•ืฆืฆืช ื‘ืขื“ื•, ืขื•ืฉื‚ื” ืจื•ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืชื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืจืืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ืฉื‚ื’ ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ืคืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืœื•ืช-ื‘ืจืš ื•ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืช-ืขืจืš-ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: (ืืช ืฉื‘ืชึนืชื™ ืชืฉืžึนืจื•) ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ืชื™ืจืื• (ื•ื™ืง' ื™ื˜:ืœ). ื”ื•ื ื›ืจืš ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื™ืจืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. [7]

ืจืฉ"ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื ืืžืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ " ืœึฐื”ึทืขึฒืœึนืช ื ึตืจ ืชึผึธืžึดื™ื“". ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืชื™ืœ "ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ื ืฉืœื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืžืืœื™ื”" (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื ืข"ื). ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื• ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืืจ: "ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืœืžื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื™ื•ืชืจ! ืืœ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ื”"ื›ื”ืŸ" ืืช ื”"ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜" ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืžื ื•". [8] ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื“.

ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืชืคืก ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ:

ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ื’ื”, ื“ื•ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื ืงืจื 'ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“' ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื›ื ืกืช. ื™ืฉ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืœ ืืจื•ืŸ-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”'ืขืžื•ื“' ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—-ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืคื ื™ ืœื•ื— ื”'ืฉื•ื™ืชื™'. ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘'ื ืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื“' ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืง ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื”ื ืงืจื ื’ื 'ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™'... ืžืฉื•ื-ื›ืš ืื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื ืจ-ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ืขืชื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืžื–ืจื—, [9] ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ื”'ืขืžื•ื“'... 'ื ืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื“' ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืคืชื™ืœื” ืฆืคื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืขืจื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช 'ื ืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื“' โ€“ 'ืงื ื“ื™ืœ', ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ... ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช 'ื ืจ' ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืฉืฆื•ืจืชื• ื›ืžื• ื ืจ ืžืžืฉ, ืืฉืจ 'ืฉืœื”ื‘ืชื•' ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ืช ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืฃ. [10]

ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”? ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ. 11 ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ืกื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ื›ืœ ื‘ื•" (ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื–) ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ, ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื”:

ื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ืื“ื ืฉื ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ, ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช (ื• ืข"ื) 'ืขืฉืจื” ืงื“ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืืชื™ื', ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื”ื ืจ ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ.

ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘"ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“" ืืœื ื‘ื ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืืžื ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืคืกืงื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืืœื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืœืง ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืงื˜ืข ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืงืจืื™, ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•:

ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื ื ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ... ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ื”ื ื ืจื•ืช... ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื-ืœื”ื™ื ื•ืžืงื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืงื•ื“ืฉ... ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื.12

ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืฉืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืฆืœื ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื: ื”ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื "ื–ื›ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื• ื’ื ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื’ื ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืžื—ืช ืชื•ืจื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืืฆืœื ื™ืžื™ ืฆื•ื ืื• ืื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื”.13


[1] ืืœื ืฉื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื ื”ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ, ื›ื“ืขืช ื”ืชื ื ืงืžื, ืื• ืฉืžื ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™ (ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื™ื ื–). ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื ืคืกืงื” ื›ืชื ื ืงืžื, ื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•. ืขื ื–ื”, ืžืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื˜ ืข"ื‘) ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชืžื™ื“" ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ืคืขื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ "ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ" ืื• ืœื, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ.

[2] ืืžื ื ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ืฉื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืง "ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ื• ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืขืจื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืช ื ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืช" (ื™ื•ืžื ืœื˜ ืข"ื). ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืœืง ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉ.

[3] ื•ื›ืš ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™" ( ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘ ืข"ื‘): "ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื ื™ื - ืงืจื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื•ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื - ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงืจื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคื™ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช".

[4] ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื: "ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ืื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืื™ ืขื“ื•ืช? ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ื–ื• ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืžืžื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื" (ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘ ืข"ื‘). ืืœื ืฉ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืก ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื ึดืกื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืื‘ื•ืช ื”:ื”), ื•ืจืื” ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืืชืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื’.

[5] ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ื‘ ืข"ื‘.

[6] ื™"ื“ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื , ืขืž' 192.

[7] ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื , ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื’, ืžื”.

[8] ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ"ื“.

[9] ืืœื ืฉืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ: "ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื”ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคื™ืœืชื. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช" (ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืจืš ื ืจ). ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.

[10] ื” ืจื‘ ืžื ื—ื ื”ื›ื”ืŸ, "ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื•", ืžื—ื ื™ื™ื , ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 11, ืกื™ื• ื• ืŸ ืชืฉื "ื”.

11 ืจืื• ื™"ืž ืชื-ืฉืžืข, ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” , ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก"ื’, ื‘ืคืจืง "'ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜' โ€“ ื”ืกืžืœ ื•ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช", ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืž' 201โ€‘206. ืชื•ื“ืชื™ ืœื“"ืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืจื ื“ ืฉื”ืคื ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื”.

12 ืฉื ืขืž' 205.

13 ืจืคืืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื”ืงืจืื™ื , ืชืจื’ื ืžื›ืชื‘-ื”ื™ื“ ืืคืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœื™, ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื” 1949, ืขืž' 159โ€‘160.

ย 

ย 

ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ / ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ

ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืชืžื™ื“' ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” โ€“ "ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“", ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืฅ โ€“ "ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื—ื• ืชืžื™ื“", ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ โ€“ "ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืชืžื™ื“" ื•-"ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื›ื". ืืžื ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” 'ืชืžื™ื“' ืื™ื ื ื• ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขื™ื, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ื’ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงืจื” ืœืžืงืจื”. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ืชืžื™ื“' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื: ืขืงื‘ื™ (consistent) ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืข (constant). ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืืžืจ 'ืชืžื™ื“', ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.

ื ืคืชื— ืืช ืขื™ื•ื ื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆื™ืฅ, ื•ืœื• ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื”ืจืŸ "ืชืžื™ื“". ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื (ื–:) ืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช! ืžื” ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ืชืžื™ื“' ืœืœืžื“? ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืจืฆื” ืืช ื”'. ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื™ืกื— ื”ื“ืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื•ืŸ ืคืŸ ื”-"ืชืžื™ื“" ืฉื‘ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”', ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื— ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœ. ื”ืฆื™ืฅ, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื•, ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉื’ืช ืคืกื’ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื’ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื. ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ื›ืœื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—. ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”'. ื”ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื›ื”ื•ื“ืื” ืœ-ื”', ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”' ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉ-"ืชืžื™ื“" ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ืขืงื‘ื™. ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืงืจื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”'. ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื ื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื™ื.

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื•ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื“, ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”' ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช. ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ืฅ, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืฅ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื. ื’ื ืœื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš.

ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ืืฉืจ ืชืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•. ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ. ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชืžื™ื“". ืจืฉ"ื™ ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉ-"ืชืžื™ื“" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืžืฉืžืข ืฉืœ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืš, ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชืžื™ื“" ืฉื”ื ืจ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื“ืœืง ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ื›ืœืœ, ื’ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ืื ื ืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื ื”ื ืชื” ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื“ืœืงื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉื“ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.

ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช. ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ืืžืจ, ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื• ื›ื ืจ ืชืžื™ื“. ืžื ืจ ื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืืช ืฉืืจ ืงื ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”.

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