National Science Year 9 Answers Pdf

[Dorinda Avancena]

Biologycontinues to transform science through discoveries that cross disciplines and scales from the molecular to the planetary level. Despite these advances, biology has also fragmented into subdisciplines, creating a gap between individual scientists, who focus on narrow questions, and the societal need to understand overarching rules of life. To reverse this trend, the U.S. National Science Foundation is establishing Biology Integration Institutes that bring together teams of researchers to investigate interdisciplinary questions, while also training and broadening the participation of future scientists in this integrated approach. The program's first cohort includes four such institutes.

"Over the last 3.5 billion years, life on Earth has innovated and evolved to address the challenge of persisting on this planet. To discover, understand and harness those innovations and tackle fundamental biological questions, researchers from within and outside of biology must come together and engage in integrative research," said NSF Assistant Director for Biological Sciences Joanne Tornow. "The institutes, each funded for $12.5 million over five years, are a prime example of that necessary integration."

The HERD Survey is an annual census of U.S. colleges and universities that expended at least $150,000 in separately accounted-for R&D in the fiscal year. The survey collects information on R&D expenditures by field of research and source of funds and also gathers information on types of research, expenses, and headcounts of R&D personnel.

The Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey is the primary source of information on separately accounted-for research and development (R&D) expenditures within higher education institutions in the United States and outlying areas.

In 2010, the HERD Survey replaced a previous annual collection, the NSF Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges (Academic R&D Expenditures Survey), which was conducted from FY 1972 through FY 2009.

The FY 2022 survey was conducted by ICF under contract to NCSES. Surveys were distributed to designated contacts at each institution. The data collection period was from November 2022 through July 2023. Respondents submitted their data using a Web-based questionnaire. Telephone and e-mail were used for follow-up contacts with respondents.

Questionnaires were carefully examined by survey staff upon receipt. Reviews focused on unexplained missing data and explanations provided for changes in reporting patterns. If additional explanations or data revisions were needed, respondents were sent personalized e-mail messages asking them to provide any necessary revisions before the final processing and tabulation of data.

Coverage error of large research institutions is minimal because comprehensive lists exist. These institutions are easily identified using the NCSES Survey of Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions. However, institutions with smaller amounts of R&D expenditures have been more difficult to identify because they often do not receive federal funding for R&D.

NCSES annually screens all 4-year and above institutions reporting nonzero amounts of research expenses to the Department of Education Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) to determine if new institutions qualify for inclusion in the survey.

For accurate historical data, use only the most recently released data tables. Individuals wishing to analyze trends other than those in the most recent data tables are encouraged to contact the Survey Manager for more information about comparability of data over time.

NCSES publishes data from this survey annually in detailed tables and analytic reports available at the HERD Survey page. Information from this survey is also included in Science and Engineering Indicators.

Purpose. The Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey is the primary source of information on separately accounted-for R&D expenditures within higher education institutions in the United States and outlying areas.

The survey population was reviewed before data collection began to ensure that each institutional classification was accurate. Characteristics of the schools were reviewed before and during the survey to determine whether changes had occurred (e.g., name; highest degree granted; school openings, closings, or mergers). Table A-1 shows all institution name changes or mergers between the FY 2021 and FY 2022 surveys.

After data collection closed, institutions were reviewed to verify that only those reporting at least $150,000 in separately accounted-for R&D were included in the population. Of the 919 institutions surveyed, 19 completed the survey but reported total R&D expenditures of less than $150,000. These institutions were excluded from the population, and their data are not included in the FY 2022 survey totals. The total and federally funded R&D expenditures for these 19 institutions are listed in table A-2.

The population review screener was sent to 106 institutions. A total of 22 institutions were added to the survey population during the population review. One other institution was added when representatives of university systems contacted data collection staff about a campus that newly qualified for the survey. During data collection, 31 institutions were removed from the population after they indicated that their R&D expenditures were less than $150,000 for FY 2022, or that they did not qualify for the survey for another reason. After accounting for these additions and subtractions, the number of academic institutions in the final population decreased from 908 in FY 2021 to 900 in FY 2022 (table A-3).

Data collection. The FY 2022 questionnaires were sent by e-mail in November 2022. Respondents could choose to submit a questionnaire downloaded from the Web or use the Web-based data collection system. Every effort was made to maintain close contact with respondents to preserve both the consistency and continuity of the resulting data. Survey data reports for each institution were available on the survey website; these showed comparisons between the current and 2 prior years of data and noted any substantive disparities. Questionnaires were carefully examined for completeness upon receipt. Respondents were sent personalized e-mail messages asking them to provide any necessary revisions before the final processing and tabulation of data. These e-mail messages included a link to the HERD Survey Web-based data collection system, allowing respondents to view and correct their data online.

Respondents were asked to explain significant differences between current-year reporting and established patterns of reporting verified for prior years. They were encouraged to correct prior-year data, if necessary. When respondents updated or amended figures from past years, NCSES made corresponding changes to trend data in the 2022 data tables and to the underlying microdata. For accurate historical data, use only the most recently released data tables.

Data editing. The HERD Survey was subject to very little editing. Respondents were contacted and asked to resolve possible self-reporting issues themselves. Questionnaires were carefully examined by survey staff upon receipt. Reviews focused on unexplained missing data, expenditures that were outliers compared to those of peer institutions, and explanations provided for changes in reporting patterns. If additional explanations or data revisions were needed, respondents were sent personalized e-mail messages asking them to provide any necessary revisions before the final processing and tabulation of data.

R&D expenditures from unspecified federal agencies (Question 10) and capitalization thresholds for software and equipment (Question 13) were not imputed. Response summaries for these questions can be found in table A-19 and table A-20.

Coverage error. Coverage error of large research institutions is minimal because of comprehensive lists. These institutions are easily identified using the NCSES Survey of Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions. However, institutions with smaller amounts of R&D expenditures have been more difficult to identify because they often do not receive federal funding for science and engineering (S&E) R&D.

The reporting of expenditures from projects that are not R&D is another possible source of error. The R&D definition in the HERD Survey excludes public service and outreach programs, curriculum development (unless included as part of an overall research project), and training grants supporting work on non-research projects. As part of a federal government effort to reduce administrative burdens associated with research grants and contracts, agencies began adopting Research Terms and Conditions (RTC) to be consistent with Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards issued by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the Federal Register [80 FR 61849, October 14, 2015]. In these RTCs, agencies employed a broader definition of research, resulting in many institutions reporting projects as research that do not match HERD Survey definitions. Additionally, in recent years R&D expenditure data have been used more frequently in university and college benchmarking, which may encourage institutions to employ broader definitions of research than those provided on the survey.

This report provides data from the FY 2022 Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey. The survey is an annual census of institutions that expended at least $150,000 in separately accounted-for research and development (R&D) in the fiscal year.

The tables present data on R&D expenditures at higher education institutions across all academic disciplines and include R&D expenditures by institution, R&D field, geographic area, source of funds, type of R&D (basic research, applied research, and experimental development), cost categories (salaries, software, equipment, and indirect costs), and trends over time.

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