Thermodynamics 1 Hipolito Sta Maria Solution Manual

[Tripp Powell]

Cattleyagranulosa is an endangered epiphytic orchid native to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Since its responses to light intensity and its CAM expression remain elusive, C. granulosa juvenile plants were grown under full sunlight, 60% shading, and 95% shading in a nursery and plant growth, water status, titratable acidity, and gas exchanges were assessed during the rainy and dry seasons. The plants exposed to full sunlight showed visual symptoms of light stress but survived throughout the experiment. These plants exhibited reduced shoots and extensive roots regarding the plants submitted to shading. The time-course of CO2 uptake and stomatal conductance in C. granulosa leaves over 24 h, independent of treatment, is compatible with constitutive CAM. However, changes in timelapse and magnitude of CO2 uptake and in accumulated acidity promoted by light regime and seasonality reveal that CAM expression in C. granulosa leaves may be modulated according to growing conditions.

Given that water availability plays a central role in seed germination and is a limiting resource in arid and semi-arid environments, a series of experiments were performed to characterize hydration kinetics, reserve mobilization, and water memory in seeds of Cenostigma pyramidale, a tree legume native to the Caatinga. Germination tests were carried out using the paper roll technique, and the contents of water, reserves, and metabolites were assessed during seed hydration until radicle protrusion. Hydration kinetics during germination fitted into the triphasic pattern, although imbibition began slowly and became fast during phase I. Since water uptake by the testa was slower than that by the embryo during phase I, the testa was clearly involved in the regulation of seed imbibition. In seeds germinated under continuous hydration, oils were mobilized in the cotyledons during phases I and III, and non-reducing sugars in the embryonic axis supported phase II. Seeds exposed to a hydration-dehydration cycle revealed changes in the germination process when they were rehydrated. Water uptake became faster by the intact seed and its different parts (testa, embryonic axis, and cotyledons). Also, seeds germinated under discontinuous hydration retained oils but mobilized carbohydrates in the cotyledons. These findings can contribute to understanding the mechanisms used by C. pyramidale seeds to respond to discontinuous hydration and can be applied to protocols for seedling production.

Knowledge of the characteristics and durability of the wood of each species is extremely important so that it can be better disposed of. To this end, this work aimed to determine the natural durability of timber species from the Caatinga Region, Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (jurema-preta) and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth. (thrush), in a wood rot field test. The rotting field was implemented in a Forest Experimentation Area, located in the municipality of Macaba-RN. In this, samples were introduced in two formats: stakes with dimensions of 5.0 x 2.5 x 50.0 centimeters (radial x tangential x longitudinal), and round pieces 1 meter long and with an average diameter between 10 and 15 centimeters. Both pieces were buried in the ground up to half their length, where a randomized block design was used. Annual assessments were carried out to determine the deterioration rate and the deterioration susceptibility index. In conjunction with the analyses, the condition of the bark of the samples, the hardness of the wood in the soil and in the aerial part and the presence of longitudinal cracks in the wood were evaluated in the field, in addition to the mass loss of the specimens and the extraction and quantification of tannins. The results of 3 years of evaluation of the test make it possible to understand that both wood species present good quality and durability in accordance with their natural properties, presenting varied results under different analyses. Furthermore, both showed similar resistance, just like treated eucalyptus. Therefore, it is still necessary to evaluate the species for a longer period in the rotting field.

Brazil is characterized as the largest charcoal producer in the world, a factor that boosts the sector. A product of the carbonization of wood, charcoal, also known in agriculture as biochar, is responsible for improvements in the most diverse aspects of soil and culture. It acts as a good soil conditioner, improves fertility and the development of the root part and its products. The pyroligneous extract is a by-product of the smoke collected during the carbonization process and has properties favorable to the development, rooting and protection against pests in the species. Cowpea is a variety widely produced and consumed in the country. Therefore, the present work aims to analyze the action of biochar and saneka mixtures (biochar + pyroligneous extract) on the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), in two stages: green and dry. Furthermore, paying attention to the productivity levels, size, quantity and quality of the grains obtained. Seven treatments were used, one being a control, and the dosages were 3, 6 and 9 ton/ha of biochar and saneka. The treatments had eight replications each. Four seeds were planted, thinning the two least vigorous seeds after the first few weeks after emergence. The variables analyzed were: number of pods, pod length, grain size and weight, and root dry mass. The experiment data was collected after a period of three and a half months. After that, they were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared using the Tukey test. It was found that, for beans harvested green, the best treatment was 9 tons for all variables. As for beans harvested green, the most relevant treatment was the smallest, with 3 tons/ha having been applied to all the variables analyzed.

One of the products that has attracted great commercial interest in recent years are tannin-based polymers. Tannins are substances present in different parts of plants and have diverse applications in the petroleum and pharmaceutical industries, in the manufacture of plastics and adhesives, animal skin tanning and water treatment, among others. Tannin-based coagulants act directly in the coagulation and flocculation process in water treatment, this process being a pre-treatment that conditions the water for subsequent treatments. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the potential for extracting tannins from species located in planted forests and native forests and evaluate the performance of tannins as coagulants for water treatment. 5 (five) healthy trees of Tectona grandis, Acacia mangium, Copaifera arenicola, Hancornia speciosa and Terminalia catappa will be selected in adulthood, the selected trees will have part of their bark collected, bark will be removed from the base, middle and top of the trunk Aiming to represent the entire tree, the tannins will be extracted from these barks and quantified for the species. After extraction and quantification of tannins, cationization will be carried out, which is the preparation of a flocculating agent based on plant extract. And finally, coagulation tests at different concentrations and stirring times. Concentrations of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L and 150 mg/L will be used for each coagulant. For the stirring times, initially rapid mixing will be carried out at 130 rpm at different times: 1 min and 2 min and then slow mixing at 30 rpm at times of: 10 min and 20 min, performing all possible combinations. At the end of the project, it is expected to obtain information on the extraction of tannins from forest species located in planted forests, as well as results that optimize the water treatment process and add value to non-timber forest products.

Parkia platycephala Benth. is a tree species native to transition areas between Cerrado and Caatinga in Brazil, used for various purposes, especially for animal feed due to its high forage potential. Its intense exploitation during the fruiting season, which coincides with the forage shortage period, represents a threat to its genetic conservation in its natural habitat, requiring the study of its genetic variability. Therefore, the research aims to characterize the diversity and genetic structure existing in provenances and progenies of P. platycephala, through molecular marker ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats), as a subsidy for the genetic conservation of the species and transformation of the test into a seed orchard for seedlings. Sampling was carried out on 45 progenies established in a test of provenance and progenies at the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Piau, in Alvorada do Gurgueia, Piau, Brazil. Genetic analyzes were performed on stem and young leaf material from 180 randomly selected progenies. Estimates of primer efficiency, diversity and genetic structure were obtained from 87 ISSR loci, while the mating system studied by MLTR software. Thirteen ISSR primers were selected that amplified 87 loci, with 100% polymorphism for the species. The primers with the highest efficiency in detecting polymorphism were: CHRIS, M1, UBC 807, 818, 826, 829, 841, 842 and 857, considering the values of polymorphic information content, marker index and resolution power. The genetic diversity of Nei (H) averaged 0.31, and the Shannon index (I) averaged 0.47, with the greatest diversity occurring in the Bom Jesus progenies. The analysis of genetic structure showed a greater degree of genetic variation within populations (82.74%), and a value of Փst (0.17262), indicating moderate genetic structure between provenances. The UPGMA grouping (Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic) and the Bayesian Analysis (K=4) identified the formation of distinct genetic groups. The mating system is allogamous primarily, with a significant presence of progenies formed by crosses between relatives. These results reveal the importance of maintaining the ex situ conservation of P. platycephala, with promising progenies for producing and propagating seeds for environmental purposes and genetic improvement of the species.

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