The Snapshot Agent creates files containing the publication schema and data that are used to initialize new subscriptions. By default, the Snapshot Agent runs immediately after the publication is created in the New Publication Wizard. Subsequently, the agent runs according to a schedule you specify. Whether the agent creates new snapshot files each time it runs depends on the type of replication and options chosen. For more information, see Create and Apply the Snapshot.
For merge publications that use parameterized filters, you must create a snapshot for each partition of data after the publication snapshot has completed. For more information, see Snapshots for Merge Publications with Parameterized Filters.
Create a snapshot immediately (merge replication) or Create a snapshot immediately and keep the snapshot available to initialize subscriptions (transactional replication)
Select this check box to create a snapshot immediately after the New Publication Wizard is completed. Clear this check box if you plan to change snapshot properties in the Publication Properties dialog box before generating a snapshot, or if you will initialize the Subscriber without a snapshot. For more information, see Initialize a Transactional Subscription Without a Snapshot.
I created a folder under the Acumatica installation directory, assuming it is located at C:\Program Files\Acumatica\Database\Data\NewFolder. I extracted the contents of the exported snapshot's .zip file into the newly created folder. After that, I run the Acumatica ERP Configuration Wizard. During the Tenant Setup step, I selected the option with the name of the folder (NewFolder) that I had created. However, some errors occurred during the installation, such as 'Violation of PRIMARY KEY constraint 'GLTran_PK'. Cannot insert duplicate key in object 'dbo.GLTran'. The duplicate key value is (2, AP, AP19-21GL000002,1). The statement has been terminated. Table name: GLTran. File name: . Line number: 0.' It seems that some tables have customized fields and their lengths have been extended. I'm not sure if this is related to the issue or not. I ignored the error and continued the process, but the setup was completed with an empty database. I tried modifying the enable/disable features to make the module appear, but nothing could be done. I followed the instructions provided in the following link: -and-configuration-14/how-to-import-a-large-snapshot-using-the-acumatica-erp-configuration-wizard-387
Upload both the zipped backup package and the unzipped snapshot-installer.php file to the root directory of your WordPress site. This is most often the public_html directory, but it may be different depending on your particular setup.
This step only takes a few seconds and will look for any issues that can possibly hinder a successful backup restore. If no issues are found, the wizard will automatically proceed to the Database Configuration step.
If you receive the snapshot_failed_storage_limit message, you may be out of storage on the WPMU DEV Cloud. In these cases, try to free up some space for the new backup or consider upgrading your WPMU DEV Cloud storage.
If your backup fails with the snapshot_failed_SiteNotRespondedError error, it could be because you have reached your resources limit. The solution to this is to increase the memory limit and execution time, as seen below:
If your backups have a larger export size, we recommend lowering your snapshot storage limit. With larger export sizes, the consolidated size of all the backups can sometimes exceed your snapshot storage space based on the storage limit value set. This will result in an ERROR: EXPORT_FAILED_IOERROR error during backup(s)
On some hosts, with the default configuration, you may experience a snapshot_failed_SiteNotRespondedError error. In this case, it may be due to a problem with the output buffer which can be fixed by switching the configuration to flush the output buffer after each zipstream write. Do this by following these steps:
SQL Server Snapshot replication is useful for the databases which are not critical and/or data records of the database do not change frequently. SQL Server Snapshot replication takes a snapshot until a specific time on the Publisher server and applies to the Subscriber server.
Once the actual server name changed to SQL1, we will able to connect the Publisher SQL server instance SQL1 and perform Step-2 again and we will able to configure Distribution wizard as the following.
Snapshot SQL Server replication takes a snapshot of the database and puts it into the Snapshot folder. The following step indicates the path of the Snapshot folder. The Snapshot folder path will be accessed by the Distribution Agent to apply the snapshot of the publisher database to the Subscriber. We need to use a network path for the snapshot folder path.
Right-click New Publication and New Publication wizard to open to proceed publication configuration. As shown in the following, we will select a database STUDENT as a Publication database and click Next.
We also need to verify the snapshot agent status by Right clicking configured publication and select View Snapshot agent status, and it is in running state as the following fig.
Run the following job from SQL Server agent SQL1-STUDENT-SQL1_Publication-1 job on demand. When the job executed, it applies the snapshot of the database changes to the subscriber server.
- Snapshot agent takes a snapshot of the published articles and put it into the snapshot folder
- The Log reader agent reads the transaction logs of the published database and transfers the committed transaction to the distribution database
- Distribution agent copied the snapshot data from the snapshot folder and the transaction log from the distribution database and applied to the subscriber server database
Right-click the Replication folder and click New Publication. The publication database wizard opens, where we need to select the publication database. Here, I will use the AdventureWorksLT2012 database. For transactional replication, we need to choose a database which contains all other database objects like Table, Views, Stored Procedures, etc. Click Next
The MIMIC Wizards are easy-to-use GUI front-ends to the most commonor most difficult tasks in MIMIC. Whenever you see the Youtube logo you'll be able to view a video for that section.
- Table of Contents#
- MIB Wizard Reference
- Overview
- Select MIBs To Import
- Select Existing MIB Files To Compile
- From the Command Line
Discovery Wizard Reference- Overview
- Discovery Wizard Sessions
- Discovery Method
- IP Addresses
- Filters to Limit Discovery
- SNMP Parameters
- Recorder Options
- Select Walkfiles
- Discovered Targets
- Recorded Targets
- Create Lab Configuration
- Interrupted Session
Snapshot Wizard Reference- Overview
- Snapshot Option
- Simulation Option
- Choose a Live Target
- Recorder Options
- Snapshot Constraints
- Take Snapshots
- Create Change Script
- Apply Change Script Manually
Trap Wizard Reference- Overview
- Series Options
- Simulation Options
- Choose a Live Target
- Recorder Options
- Trap Capture Options
- Capture Trap Series
- Edit Trap Series
- Play Back Testing
Simulation Wizard Reference- Overview
- Select Walkfile To Load
- Select MIBs
- Specify Default Values
- Edit Object Simulations
- Select Walkfile To Save
- Select Simulation To Create
CLI Wizard Reference- Overview
- Method Choice
- Recording Parameters
- Discover Commands
- Issue Commands
NetFlow Wizard Reference- Overview
- Create or modify
- Create Config file using PCAP file
- Modify Config File
sFlow Wizard Reference- Overview
- Create or modify
- Create Config file using PCAP file
- Modify Config File
IPMI Wizard Reference- Overview
- Create or modify
- Record Live Session
- Simulation Options
- Change IPMI Values
Web Wizard Reference- Overview
- Create Web Service Simulation
- Recording Parameters
- Record PCAP
- Configurable Values
Tutorial Wizard Reference- Overview
- MIBs
- Create Simulations
- Run Simulations
- Customize Simulations
Configuration Wizard Reference- Overview
- MIMICView Configuration
- MIMIC Log Configuration
- Java Configuration
- E-mail Configuration
- Profiling Configuration
Update Wizard Reference- Introduction
- Select Package
- Download Images
- Prepare For Installation
- Extract Files
- Move Files
- From the Command Line
- From WEBUI
Diagnostic Wizard Reference- Introduction
- Select Configuration Files
- Select MIB Files
- Select Simulation Files
- Select Walkfiles
- Select Snapshot Files
- Select Discovery Files
- Select Trap Series Files
- Select Log Files
- Review Selected Files
- Send Files
Sanity Wizard Reference- Introduction
- Select Items
- Detection Results
Performance Wizard Reference- Introduction
- System Information
- Setup Test
- Performance Results
- Send Files
Protocol Wizard Reference- Introduction
- Select Protocols
- Supply License Keys
- Results Installing/Uninstalling Protocols
- From the Command Line
MIB Wizard Reference#Overview#The MIB Wizard is designed to easily import and compile new MIBsfor use with MIMIC. It is a user-friendly, graphical orcommand-linefront-end to theMIB compilation processandMIMIC Compiler.The MIB Wizard lets you select a set of MIBs to import, which togetherwith a set of existing MIBs will be compiled. The Wizard resolves alldependencies among the MIBs and compiles them in the correct order.Back to TopSelect MIBs To Import# In this dialog, select the MIBs you want to import into MIMIC.Figure 1: MIB Wizard: Select MIBsThe file selection dialog displayed by the MIB File Browse... buttonlets you select one or more MIB files to import.Pick an enterprise name in the Enterprise field. This should be a shortname for the enterprise of your enterprise-specific MIBs. For example,you can browse the existing enterprise names with the Browse... button.By default, the MIB Wizard will automatically skip over MIBs that arealready compiled into MIMIC. The Overwrite existing MIBsfield can be left unchecked, unless you indeed want to overwrite MIBsthat were already compiled into MIMIC.You need to click . The Log Window displaysthe results of each recording.In real-time, the Status column shows the current statusof each target, one of to be recorded, recordingor recorded. Back to Top Recorded Targets# The Discovery Wizard allows to record agents at one site, then resumethe simulation creation at another. This is accomplished by selectingNo Simulation in the original session, then resuming it.In this dialog, the recorded SNMP Agents in a resumed session are displayedin a listbox. You may, optionally, exclude some of them by deleting themfrom the list. Simulations will not be regenerated for excluded targets.To specify recorder options for regenerating simulations, press Next>. Back to Top Create Lab Configuration# Once the targets are recorded, they are categorized into thedevice catalogin a new category under Devices -> Discovered with thesame name as the discovery session namedabove.Then you can save the recorded lab configuration sothat you can later load it into the Simulator. Back to Top Interrupted Session# In this dialog, the summary of user inputs for the last interruptedsession as well as state of the engine at which the engine was interruptedis shown.Figure 11: Discovery Wizard: Interrupted SessionThe wizard continuously checkpoints its state, so that on any interruptionit can continue where it left off, as if it had never been interrupted. Back to Top Snapshot Wizard Reference#Overview# The Snapshot Wizard makes it easy to take multiple snapshots of a deviceover time and automatically change the simulation to account for changes.This is specially useful if you take an initial snapshot, make some changeson your device (reconfigure it, such as take cards in/out of service,make operational changes such as higher loads, etc), then take anothersnapshot after the change. The Wizard will automatically detect the changes(different MIB object values, new/deleted table entries, different counterrates, etc), and create timer scripts to change the simulation. In additionto manual snapshots (like a camera click), you can also take periodicsnapshots, such as every hour, to capture long-term trends. Back to Top Snapshot Option# You can create a new snapshot series, or add new snapshotsto an existing series. To create a new snapshot, you needto give it a new name that you can remember, preferably a short word orphrase, like test1, or cisco5k-under-stress.Figure 12: Snapshot Wizard: Option Back to Top Simulation Option# You can create a new simulation, apply the snapshotsto an existing simulation, or copy an existing simulationand apply the snapshots to it. To create a new simulation,you need to give it a new name that you can remember, preferably ashort word or phrase, like test1, or cisco5k.Figure 13: Snapshot Wizard: Simulation Back to Top Choose a Live Target# Specify the mandatory target parameters to be recorded. See theMIMIC Recorder Guidefor more details.Figure 14: Snapshot Wizard: Target Back to Top Recorder Options# These optional parameters modify the default recording. See theMIMIC Recorder Guidefor more details.Figure 15: Snapshot Wizard: RecorderOnce you click Next, the MIMIC Recorder will record the target.To continue, dismiss the log viewer window that pops up.Figure 16: Snapshot Wizard: Log Back to Top Snapshot Constraints# From here on you will take snapshots of the device at different times.But, your snapshots may not need to record the entire device, if youknow that the changes will be confined to a particular area. In thisdialog you can impose constraints on the snapshots.Figure 17: Snapshot Wizard: ConstraintsThese optional constraints further restrict all subsequent snapshots. If thesnapshot is of the entire MIB, that is very expensive both in termsof the amount of data, and the computing to detect differences. It isusually better to concentrate on MIB subtrees (Root), and/or excludelarge MIB subtrees. Back to Top Take Snapshots# You can take an immediate snapshot or schedule periodic snapshots.Figure 18: Snapshot Wizard: Take SnapshotsIf you select Immediate Snapshot, when you press theRecord... button the snapshot will happen immediately.This is equivalent to pressing the snapshot button on a camera.Optionally, you can input an informative Comment for yoursnapshot.When you choose Scheduled Snapshots, you can use the StartTime frame and Take Snapshots frame to schedule yourperiodic snapshots. Back to Top Create Change Script# This dialog allows you to edit the sequence of snapshots you took.Once you click Finish, a script will be created in thesimulation directory to transition the simulation through thedesired changes.You need to select at least 2 walkfiles to create change script(s).Figure 19: Snapshot Wizard: Create Script Back to Top Apply Change Script Manually# By default, after you apply a snapshot series to a simulation device, all changes occur automatically in the background at the same pace as the recordeddevice. The change script(s) are change.0,1,2....mtcl file(s) in the samedevice simulation directory, like these, $ ls data/sim/procurve530/BRIDGE-MIB IPV6-MIBchange.0.mtcl microsoft-LanMgr-Mib-II-MIBchange.1.mtcl OLDdev.cfg RFC1213-MIBHOST-RESOURCES-MIB SFLOW-MIBhp-HP-PROCURVE-WLAN-AP-MIB SNMP-FRAMEWORK-MIBhp-HP-PROCURVE-WLAN-AR-MIB SNMP-MPD-MIBhp-HP-PROCURVE-WLAN-SYSTEM-MIB SNMP-USER-BASED-SM-MIBhp-HP-WLAN-SFLOW-EXTENSIONS-MIB SNMPv2-MIBIF-MIB SNMP-VIEW-BASED-ACM-MIBinvoke.0.mtcl start+snapshot.mtclinvoke.1.mtcl stop+snapshot.mtclinvoke.2.mtcl TCP-MIBIP-FORWARD-MIB UDP-MIB$.To manually apply the changes at your own pace, you can use MIMICShell to invoke the change script(s), such as this,$ ./mimicsh --nogui --agent 4 --script /mimic/data/sim/procurve530/change.1.mtcl.You can also copy the change.*.mtcl script(s) to the private area's scriptsdirectory and use the Agent->Script window to invoke the change script(s). Back to Top Trap Wizard Reference#Overview# The Trap Wizard allows you to capture a series of traps from a targetdevice and creates scripts that will play them back in the Simulator.This consist of 2 distinct recording processes: first to record theMIB of the live target device to create the base simulation, then tocapture the generated traps from the device.While the initial MIB recording is a one-time process, the capture oftraps can be done multiple times. You could for example cause your deviceto generate a sequence of traps for a certain reason (eg. some abnormalcondition), verify this is what you captured, then generate another sequencefor the restoration to normal operations.You can further use the MIMICViewAgent->Generate Traps...dialog to manually generate any trap for a group of agents.Check out this 3-minutevideofor a quick intro. Back to Top Series Options# The end-result of the Trap Wizard is a Trap Series that willbe played back in a simulation. This playback is implemented as agroup of Timer Scriptsthat will be invoked upon starting an agent that runs the simulation.Figure 20: Trap Wizard: OptionsThis dialog lets you start a fresh series or modify an existing one.To create a new series, you need to give it a new name that you canremember, preferably a short word or phrase, like test1,or cisco5k-booting. Back to Top Simulation Options# The trap series will be applied to a simulation. This dialog lets youspecify a fresh simulation, an existing one, or a copy of an existingone. If you create a new simulation, theMIMIC Recorderwill be invoked to create it. If you copy an existing simulation, theoriginal is not touched.Figure 21: Trap Wizard: Simulation Back to Top Choose a Live Target# If you selected to create a new simulation, then this dialog lets youspecify the mandatory target parameters, such as its address, versionof SNMP, etc. These parameters will be used by theMIMIC Recorderto record the target.Figure 22: Trap Wizard: Target Back to Top Recorder Options# These optional parameters modify the recording of the MIB. See theMIMIC Recorder Guidefor more details.Figure 23: Trap Wizard: RecorderOnce you click Next, the MIMIC Recorderwill record the target. Dismiss the Log Windows to continue.Figure 24: Trap Wizard: Log Back to Top Trap Capture Options# You can select to capture traps live, by invoking theTrap Recorderwith these optional parameters to control the capture of traps. SeeRecord Trapsfor more details.Figure 25: Trap Wizard: CaptureInstead of a live capture you can record from a PCAP file that containscaptured TRAP messages. Through this wizard, all TRAP messages in thisPCAP are recorded, but the trapper tool has filtering options.If you want to filter certain traps only, then you need to either usethe trapper from the command line, or filter your PCAP in a utilitylike wireshark.Otherwise, if you previously recorded traps with the TrapRecorder, then the wizard can read the Trap Recorder output. Thisway, you can deploy the Trap Recorder remotely, capture traps, and importthem back into the MIMIC installation. Back to Top Capture Trap Series# This dialog is the heart of the wizard, and lets you capture multiplesequences of traps for this series. The capture can be delayed, and itsduration controlled. When you press the Capture... button,then the capture starts and captured traps are displayed in real-time.The capture stops when you press the Interrupt button or whenthe Duration expires.Figure 26: Trap Wizard: SeriesThe traps displayed in this dialog are all the captured traps, whetherdeleted or not. You can delete entire sequences / individual traps inthe next dialog, and select / deselect them to be generated. Back to Top Edit Trap Series# Once you are done with the capture, you can edit the trap seriesthat you want to simulate with this dialog.Figure 27: Trap Wizard: Edit SeriesYou can select the sequences and individual traps that you want thewizard to generate scripts for. Click on a node with a checkbox toselect/deselect the item (and it's children). For example, selectinga sequence selects all the traps in the sequence.You can delete sequences that you don't want to consider in the future,eg. if the sequence is empty. Click on a sequence, and press the>>Delete button.You can edit parameters of sequences (Time, Comment) and traps (Time,Version). Click on the node, then press the Edit button tochange the value. Changed items are shown in red.The Up and Down buttons move the selected trap up ordown in the series, thus changing the order of the generated traps. Back to Top Play Back Testing# When the scripts are created, you can play back the traps onyour simulated device.Figure 28: Trap Wizard: Play BackWhen you start an agent with that simulation, you can control thegeneration of the traps with theAgent->Trap Series...dialog.Figure 29: Trap Wizard: Run Back to Top Simulation Wizard Reference#Overview# The Simulation Wizard is designed to easily create a basic simulation froma set of walkfiles and MIBs. It is a user-friendly, graphical front-end to themib2walk utility, and theRecord from File functionality.Through a graphical interface, you define instances and values for eachof the MIB objects and save them in a walkfile, which is fed to theMIMIC Recorder to create the simulation. Back to Top Select Walkfile To Load# By loading an optional walkfile, you seed the simulation with instancesand values of your MIB objects. This walkfile can be from aprevious live recording with theMIMIC Recorder,or saved by the Simulation Wizard.Figure 30: Simulation Wizard: WalkfileIf you load more than one walkfile, they will be merged. This is usefulif you have walkfile fragments for distinct (disjoint) parts of your MIB.Press Add... to add walkfiles from a file browser dialog.Select a walkfile and press Delete to delete it from the list.If you don't have a walkfile, you will have to specify instances andvalues for MIB objects you want to simulate. Back to Top Select MIBs# In this dialog, select the MIBs you want in your simulation.If you loaded a walkfile in the previous dialog, the set of MIBsis detected from that walkfile.Figure 31: Simulation Wizard: MIBsYou can incrementally add more MIBs to your simulation. Startwith a small set, e.g., just RFC1213-MIB. Then add more MIBsas you complete the simulation.Press Add... to add MIBs from a MIB selection dialog.Selecting an enterprise and clicking Ok in the BrowseMIB Directory adds all the MIBs in that enterprise to the list.Select one or more MIBs and press Delete to delete them from the list. Back to Top Specify Default Values# The Simulation Wizard can seed all objects for which you don't specifyvalues with default values. To accomplish this, check off theUse Default Values button. Then enter the default values you wantfor each of the types of MIB objects. These values will be used onlyif the object does not already have a DEFVAL clause defined in the MIB.For tables, a single instance will be created with an index whosevalue is determined by the default value of its type.Figure 32: Simulation Wizard: Defaults Back to Top Edit Object Simulations# In this step you instantiate MIB objects and successively assign themvalues.Figure 33: Simulation Wizard: EditFor all tables, you need to instantiate rows in the table.For all MIB objects that are not Counters, MIMIC creates a simulationthat returns the value that you set here. For Counter objects, MIMICgenerates a rate-based simulation, based on the value you give to theobject, and the current value of sysUpTime.0:rate = value(object) / value(sysUpTime.0) Back to Top Select Walkfile To Save# We recommend that you save the walkfile, since you can later load it againinto the Wizard. This walkfile is saved in the walks/ directory in yourprivate area.Figure 34: Simulation Wizard: Save Back to Top Select Simulation to Create# In this final step, you specify the new device simulation to create.Figure 34: Simulation Wizard: SimulationFill in any Simulation name, suchas test, or a short name for the target you are recording,or your first name. Use any Scenario name, such as a smallnumber, e.g., 1.These names will be significant once you start doing advanced tasks. Pickeasy names to remember.Choose a constant simulation method for regression tests: Counterobjects will increment at a constant rate, causing predictable values. Usea random simulation method for realistic simulations: Counterobjects will increment at the specified rate, but with a minor randomfudge factor. Values in this type of simulation are not predictable. Back to Top CLI Wizard Reference#Overview# The CLI Wizard helps you to create a command line interface (CLI) Simulationfrom a real device with a command line interface, such as Cisco IOS, JuniperJUNOS, etc. It combines and integrates the functionality of theIOS Explorerand theIOS Recorder.The wizard creates a CLI simulation to be loaded into theMIMIC Telnet Protocol Module.Instead of requiring a third party NMS application to issue commands, itdiscovers the commands on the device dynamically, which are then recorded.The results of the wizard will be arule filethat maps CLI commands to responses. Each command detected will resultin a rule entry and its corresponding response .mtcl file. It will alsodump a transcript of the commands and responses for future processing. Back to Top Method Choice# Choose to record from a live device, a previously capturedPCAP file, or from a transcript of a telnet session.Figure 44: CLI Wizard: Method Back to Top Recording Parameters# This dialog specifies the parameters for live recording or from PCAP.For the latter, you need to specify the PCAP In File below.Figure 45: CLI Wizard: ParametersThe following General parameters have to be specified:- AddressThe IP Address of the device to be recorded. This is mandatory.
- Interactive LoginThis indicates you want to discover in interactive mode. A simpleterminal dialog is presented. Youwill need to interactively enter login information. This is usefulif you need to go through terminal servers, or other frontends beforereaching your target device. You are done when you are logged into the deviceand you see its command prompt and can press Next.
- UsernameThe username to use to login to the device.
- PasswordThe password to login to the device.
- In FileThis is only used in Method 2 Record From PCAP.
- Out FileThe Rule file to be created. It is recommended that this be in itsown folder, ie. a name of the form YOUR-FOLDER/YOUR-RULEwhere YOUR-FOLDER is your folder name, and YOUR-RULEis your rule name. The Wizard will put all related files for yourCLI simulation in that folder.
- AppendTo append to the existing rule file.
- NorepeatTo add rule without repeat
Optionally, you can also specify these Mode parameters:
- ModesSelect to discover different modes.
- Enable PasswordEnable password to enter enable mode.
- Interface CommandInterface command to enter config-if mode.
- Router CommandRouter command to enter config-router mode.
- Line CommandLine command to enter config-line mode
- Command1 ... Command5Commands to discover other modes.
- Prompt1 ... Prompt5Corresponding prompts to expect in other modes.
Optionally, you can also specify these Advanced parameters:
Optionally, you can also specify these Telnet server parameters:
- PortThe telnet port to use (default 23).
- Login PromptThe login prompt to be detected, if it is non-standard.The IOS Recorder uses patterns like the login prompt ("Username: "), passwordprompt ("Password: ") and login failure message ("Login incorrect") toconstruct the connection welcome message. These default values can beoverriden by setting the Login Prompt, Password Promptand Login Failure Message configurables in this tab.
- Password Prompt
- Login Failure Message
In the Others tab you can specify these parameters:CLI Discovery Options
- Discovery DepthHow many subcommand levels to traverse.
- TimeoutTimeout to wait for response.
- Ignore Output Redirect CommandsThis options lets you ignore output redirections. The OutputRedirect Symbol field specifies a space-separated list ofredirect symbols.
- Include Permutational Commands
If you are recording a live device, pressing Next goes to thenext step.If you are recording from a PCAP file, pressing Finish willprocess any Telnet requests and responses in that PCAP for the specifiedserver address and create the rule file in the Out File youspecified above. Back to Top Transcript Recording Parameters# This dialog allows you supply the recording parameters from a transcript.Figure 45b: CLI Wizard: Record TranscriptThe following General parameters have to be specified:
- Out FileThe Rule file to be created. It is recommended that this be in itsown folder, ie. a name of the form YOUR-FOLDER/YOUR-RULEwhere YOUR-FOLDER is your folder name, and YOUR-RULEis your rule name. The Wiza
