HaatimTai is a 1990 Indian Hindustani-language fantasy film, produced by Ratan Mohan under the R.M. Art Productions banner and directed by Babubhai Mistri. It stars Jeetendra, Sangeeta Bijlani and has music composed by Laxmikant Pyarelal, and lyrics by Hasan Kamal. The film's plot is based on the story of Hatim al-Tai from the Ta'i Arabian tribe.[1]
The film begins with a baby boy being born into the household of a rich Arab King. The Prince is named Hatim al-Tai and is a very generous and humble Prince when he reaches adulthood. As the Prince begins distributing gold to poor citizens in his city, a Princess named Mariam comes to his doorstep to ask him for help. She tells him that she is in love with a Prince named Munir and they want to get married, but her father will not let her marry anyone as long as she lives. Hatim is shocked at her father's decision and realizes that there must be a reason behind it. Hatim, his friend Nazrul, Mariam and Munir go to Mariam's palace to ask the King why he will not let his daughter marry anyone. The King tells them of an event that occurred in the past, which leads to the reason why Mariam cannot get married.
One day as the King was sleeping in his luxurious room, a fairy named Gulnar Pari flew into his room enchanted by the beautiful chandeliers in his room. Upon seeing the beautiful Fairy, the King is aroused by her beauty and attempts to rape her, but fails as Gulnar Pari is cursed and slowly begins turning into stone to save her honor. She gives him a curse that whoever his daughter Mariam marries, will die on the wedding night and Mariam will turn into stone. As Gulnar Pari begins turning into stone, the King begs for forgiveness. She pities him and leaves seven questions he needs or someone else has to answer. All the questions need to be answered in order to get rid of both Gulnar Pari and Mariam's curses.
When the King's story ends, he shows Hatim, Nazrul, Mariam and Munir the beautiful stone statue of Gulnar Pari. Hatim decides to seek answers to the seven questions. The King warns Hatim that the questions are extremely difficult and he will have to travel to distant and dangerous places. Hatim promises that with the company of his friend Nazrul, he will answer the seven questions. Hatim and Nazrul begin to travel seeking answers to the seven questions. Slowly they start solving these questions. Every time a question is answered, a part of Gulnar Pari comes back to life. While seeking the answers to the questions, Hatim comes across a fairy that looks exactly like Gulnar Pari. She reveals that she is Gulnar Pari's twin sister, Pari Bano. She thanks Hatim for his help and they both fall in love. Hatim and Nazrul begin completing the questions with the help of Gulnar Pari and succeed in completing all the difficult questions. Gulnar Pari comes back to life and Mariam's curse is lifted as well. Hatim, Pari Bano, Mariam and Munir celebrate and begin preparing for their weddings.
In the last quest, Hatim comes face to face with Magician (Jadoogar) Kamlaq. Kamlaq's trademark words are, "Jinn Jinn Jinn du Jinn daara". He is the final hurdle to Hatim's completion of the seven quests.
The major aim of the paper is to attempt an explanatory account for errors found in translating from English to Thai. The data are restricted to word and phrasal errors collected from students' translation, anecdotes, and DVD subtitles. From the analysis, the sources of errors can be divided into the translator's problematic reading process of the source text and wrong lexical interpretation. Suggestions to improve the translation quality are included. Classroom applications are also provided.
n the present era of globalization, translation plays a major role in conveying messages from one language to another. However, translation is not an easy task as we can witness many cases of wrong translations, some of which are humorous. For example:
Errors in translation mostly result from the non-equivalence between the source and target languages (Baker, 1992, pp. 20-21). However, good translators with encyclopedic knowledge and linguistic knowledge of both the source and target languages know how to deal with them; therefore, errors can indicate the quality of a translation; moreover, they can reveal what is going on in the translator's thinking process (Seguinot, 1990, p 68). In looking into the translator's mind, we may be able to give an explanatory account of the source of an error, which will throw some light on how to address problems in translation and thus improve the translation quality.
Two major sources of errors have been discussed: the translators' poor reading skill and their misinterpretation of the English lexical meaning.In this paper, the main aim is to account for sources of errors in translating from English to Thai. It is postulated that there are two major sources: the translator's erroneous reading of the English text and misinterpretation of English lexical meaning. The first one involves misunderstanding of the English text, while the second involves wrong propositional and expressive meanings. After that, suggestions to improve the translation quality are provided. Finally, classroom applications are discussed.
The data in this study have been collected from university students' assignments and from anecdotal errors as well as in Thai DVD subtitles. The analysis is restricted to the word and phrasal levels.
One of the major and foremost components in the translating process is the fact that the translator has to read the original and interpret it in the target language. A fledgling translator may make errors at this stage due to his/her weak reading process. Errors found at this stage can be divided into the following categories:
In translation, some students with poor reading skills transfer the miscues into their translated text. For example, in an assignment, years ago, one of us was surprised by the fact that many students made the same error in translating the following.
The error resulted from the students' miscue in reading hop as hope. To address this problem, teachers should have students read English texts aloud. Reading aloud makes it possible for the teacher to detect the student's miscues. However, the teacher should not expect any positive gains in the students' reading process immediately, since it takes time and patience to develop good reading skills. Probably, extensive reading will pay off in terms of better translation quality in months or years.
In the 1970s, the pace of communication was slower than today's. When the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced the movies nominated for awards, they sent in the movie titles to newspapers around the world. Many years later probably in the early 1980s, a hilarious anecdote appeared in a Thai newspaper recounting the translation of two movie titles: Kramer vs Kramer (1979) and The Deer Hunter (1978). In the first case, it was translated in Thai as Khmer fighting Khmer and in the second as Hunting a Derogatory Title Liar. Obviously, the translation was a far cry from its original meaning. Probably the translator made a miscue of the name Kramer as Khmer because he/she was influenced by the raging war in Cambodia (1975-1979) during that period of time. In the second translation, the deer was miscued as dear, a term of endearment often used by American GIs to Thai lovers during their furloughs during the Vietnam War. Probably, the translator assumed that the movie was about an American soldier in the Vietnam War hunting for a girlfriend, or someone termed as a dear. The movie was made in 1978, shortly after the end of the Vietnam War (1965-1975). Therefore, the translator may have been influenced by the war events in his/her translation.
From the discussion, it is suggested that a competent translator should have an inquisitive mind constantly searching for encyclopedic knowledge (Hatim & Mason, 1990, pp 106-107) so that he/she can acquire appropriate background knowledge to interpret the source language text without incorring in embarrassing errors.
In English lexical meaning, errors can be divided into propositional meaning which is wrongly interpreted and expressive meanings which are translated as propositional meaning (Baker, 1992, pp. 12-13). Most of the data discussed below are taken from DVD subtitles translated from English into Thai.
Errors in propositional meaning
The propositional meaning refers to the relationship between a word and what it refers to or describes as conceived by the speakers as true or false (Baker, 1992, p. 13). Errors in this category can further be divided into the following:
The above examples show the translator's problem in using the dictionary. Probably, he/she hurriedly selects the first definition of a word without considering the possibility of another alternate meaning which would better fit the context. To address the problem, translators should be trained in the use of dictionaries. However, the use of a dictionary alone is not recommended because it is boring. In fact, it should be done to aid the reading process. By this means, the translators will learn how to read and at the same time how to use a dictionary efficiently.
The above examples manifest many problems in translation. First, the translators lack the appropriate background knowledge to interpret the original text. For example, the word Count before a name is known as a title, not a verb. Second, they have not developed enough linguistic awareness to account for problems in translation. A linguistic awareness is the sense that a translator feels there is something wrong with a text, and thus he/she revises the text to discover what has gone wrong with it. Linguistic awareness can be developed through extensive reading and writing. Therefore, it is recommended that Thai translators should be trained extensively in both reading and writing English texts.
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