[Dynameter 1.1.0
Betty Neyhart
A dynameter is an instrument that measures the magnification of a telescope. It is usually a double-image micrometer used to measure the diameter of the image of the object glass. The magnifying power is found by comparing the actual diameter of the glass with the measured diameter of the image of the glass.
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THE letter from the Rev. T. W. Webb in your last number is a very tantalising letter. He tells us, and we could not wish to have a better authority, that a new dynameter has been invented by the Rev. E. Berthon, but he does not tell us how it is constructed or where it can be obtained.
With the power test on the dynameter we can measure the composition of the exhaust gases and give an indication about the functioning of the carburetors, the ignition and the mechanical condition of the engine. We can also make the ignition images visible during the test on our Bosch motor
This test will not put more strain on your car than on a normal road, but it does provide an excellent opportunity to diagnose malfunctions that normally only occur sporadically at specific speeds or load combinations.
More and more, loudness is not an important factor in the sound or success of music. As loudness management (normalization) becomes commonplace in broadcast, radio and streaming services, the relative playback loudness of music is determined by the broadcaster and player. For mastering engineers, the challenge going forward is not to maximize loudness but to optimize dynamics.
Dynameter offers a real-time display of your music's dynamics, beat by beat, or over a whole song or album. The plugin helps you achieve competitive dynamics and consistent playback volume across online streaming services. It measures dynamics using PSR (Peak to Short-term loudness ratio), which is based on the ITU loudness standard, displaying it via a unique history graph and allowing users to choose their own "dynamics target" for their music.
"People are telling us they love Dynameter," says Ian Kerr of MeterPlugs. "It's very easy to use. Just choose a PSR target and keep the history graph from dipping below it. You can compare your music to all of your favourites, and it becomes really adictive!"
Dynameter is on sale now for $69 (regular $99) in VST, AU and AAX formats for both Windows and Mac OS X. It can be purchased online from the MeterPlugs website, www.meterplugs.com/dynameter, and is available for instant download. There is no demo at this time, but MeterPlugs offers a 60-day guarantee
Rounik is the Executive Editor for Ask.Audio & macProVideo. He's built a crack team of professional musicians and writers to create one of the most visited online resources for news, review, tutorials and interviews for modern musician and producer.As an Apple Certified Trainer for Logic Pro Rounik has taught teachers, professional... Read More
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For those requiring for calculating the focal length of theeyepiece, it is important to know that the value placed on especiallyolder eyepieces may have gross errors, sometimes exceeding 20% oreven more. Most eyepiece manufacturers have calculated the mean valuefrom many hundreds of similar eyepieces having near equal focallength. We find that most short focal length eyepieces are usuallyoverstated, because they are easier to make. I have seen so manyobservational reports give powers as e.g. 294, when the truevalue could be 250!
As for many modern eyepieces, mostare adequate in their optical design these days that it is nothing tobe too concerned about. This is due to vast improvements in the lasttwenty or thirty years in production methods and decent opticalcoatings.
(In fact the other things you should be know is the field ofview (in degrees) of the eyepiece in each telescope and theapparent field size (in arcsecs) and this helps inunderstanding the field that some pair or deep-sky object liesin.)
Construction of this is detailed in Figures 1 to 8. Figures 6 and 7 show a completed instrument and what is expected to be seen when using it.To start, cut out a piece of thin card 15 4.5cm., and mark out as seen in Figure 1. The two lines of themeasuring edges should be cut with a very sharp knife, razor blade orStanley knife, against a straight metal edge, and cut with only onestroke. Get a piece of kitchen-grade aluminium foil, which is cutabout 15 3cm., and divide in half with a sharp edge also inone single stroke.
All observations of the Ramsden Disk should be made with a dull orgrey background as the irradiation from the disk on a too brightbackground like a sunny day will cause larger diameters than the trueresult.
Above 3mm., the Ramsden disk can easily be estimated with thenaked-eye. Less than 3mm., any positive eyepiece at the field stop,must be placed over the eyepiece in question, and the diametermeasured carefully with the Dynameter sandwiched between theeyepieces The focus should be near infinity, as errors with occurwith the measured focal length.
I have found it best to measure all of the eyepieces at once withor without any Barlow lens (if you have one.) Repeat this another twotimes, and take the mean of your measures. This will somewhateliminate the systematic errors. You should know your objective ormirror unobstructed diameter to the nearest millimetre (1mm) and thefocal length to less than 5mm accuracy. It is best to repeat yourmeasurement (if possible) using other telescopes, as this willconfirm your eyepiece magnifications are correct.
I have just taken delivery of my brass 2-inch refractor (builtusing a Zeiss lens I have owned for some years). It has only oneeyepiece. The maker thinks the power is about 23 or 24. Ihave measured the exit pupil using a millimetre rule, and the resultseems to be about 2mm. That would correspond to a power of25.
Another method one can use (and the one I eventually adoptedyesterday) is to use the projected image of the Sun. I drew a circleof 60mm on a piece of white paper. I mounted that on a music standand used the refractor to project the solar image on to it. Iadjusted the distance and angle of the music stand until theprojected image was circular and exactly filled the 60mm circle onthe piece of paper. Then I used a ruler to measure the distance fromthe eye lens of the telescope to the paper screen. From those data,knowing the f/l of the object glass (which I am confident is accurateto within a couple of millimetres) and the angular diameter of theSun on the day of observation, one can easily calculate the f/l ofthe eyepiece.
Andrew, I think the method you describe in your article is likelyto be the most accurate. Do you have any practical tips with regardto the use of a positive eyepiece to magnify the Ramsden disc? Forexample, how did you personally go about it? Did you choose anyparticular f/1 to use as a magnifier?
So, we now have a further use for the versatile CelestronMicroguide eyepiece! Use it to check the focal lengths of youreyepieces (provided they have sufficient eye relief to enable you tofocus on the Ramsden discs).
To answer you previous questions, I think I used an 20mm Erfle,and mounted it on a tripod. I then used the telescope with the neededeyepiece in a darkened room looking out an open window off into thefar distance. I measured the Ramsden disk simply with the dynameter.The widening scale is good with this device as it reduces thesystematic errors.
(In fact the other things you should be know is the field ofview (in degrees) of the eyepiece in each telescope and theapparent field size (in arc sec) which helps in understandingthe field that some pair or deep-sky object lies in.)
This report presents an analysis of hydrostatic drives applicable as propelling units for Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) small vehicles. The study includes a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey of hydrostatic drive units and the development, design, and performance requirements for a 15 HP hydrostatic drive propulsion system for an AGT system. The study included a series of testing on a 15 HP unitized hydrostatic unit to evaluate performance characteristics and acoustic noise. Acoustic noise of hydraulic equipment, especially the hydrostatic drive, has been studied and the findings reported herein. A series of tests were performed on the unitized 15 HP hydrostatic drive to simulate an AGT small vehicle duty cycle using a 20 and 29 GPM hydraulic motor. These tests were conducted on an eddy-current clutch dynameter, 35 HP capacity, and utilized specially designed and developed processor to produce the simulated duty cycle during the tests. In addition, noise level tests were performed on the unitized hydrostatic drive with the 20 and 29 GPM hydrostatic motor and applied with and without shield constructed as a box to dampen hydrostatic drive noise. Also, a trade-off analysis comparing the hydrostatic drive unit with the AC electric drive motor with eddy-current clutch/brake and DC electric motors for application as AGT vehicle propulsion system was done.
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