There's a (very) new plugin that seems to do exactly what you want:
https://github.com/Spedge/job-run-uuid
https://github.com/jenkinsci/job-run-uuid-plugin
Its developer wrote on the Jenkins devs list:
> The plugin allows you to request a build from the API but it returns a JSON snippet with a UUID for the job. This allows you to track the status of a job (using another part of the API) even before it has left the queue and has been assigned a run id - being in the queue is a valid state.
>
> I've found it very useful for executing batches (100+) of the same job but with different parameters, then tracking the status of them as they get completed.
>
> [...]
>
> I'm also happy to listen to any suggestions or recommendations for this :)
Regards
Daniel
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