First, its usually not a problem with the mic. I have ruled this out in testing. Its usually a combination of things in the configuration.
I have taken the exact same hardware setup and used it with other software and had great performance.
Secondly, if you are using my image you should never run sudo. As the user env is different that the root env. If you are not doing that I apologize, just was it up there.
Thridly, I have not ran into a device yet I can't set in alsamixer. Not sure what HW you have but that is odd. Only time I see that is if the kernel module isn't there; or its pointed wrong in alsa config.
As far as distance, I have found once setup and tuned correctly a small room is fine, and a larger one is ok if you dont have a ton of background noise.