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Valerie Puorto
Too few U.S. residents consume the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables. Following a dietary pattern that includes sufficient fruits and vegetables can help protect against some chronic conditions that are among the leading causes of mortality in the United States (2); some of these conditions are also associated with more severe illness from COVID-19 (3). For most states, the BRFSS module is the only source of uniform, state-level dietary data for adults, and this information often provides critical metrics for state chronic disease plans. States can use the findings to guide their programs, communications and social marketing, and policies to support improving fruit and vegetable access and intake. Continued efforts to increase fruit and vegetable consumption by improving access and affordability in diverse community and institutional settings will help mitigate health disparities among U.S. residents.
Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (> 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. There is no evidence yet on how to prevent prostate cancer; however, it is possible to lower the risk by limiting high-fat foods, increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits and performing more exercise. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
Pectin is a structural heteropolysaccharide found in the primary cell walls that provides mechanical strength and flexibility via interaction with other cell-wall components [22]. High contents of pectin can be found in almost all parts of fruits depending on the varieties and maturity stages [23,24,25,26,27]. The major constituent of pectin is poly (1,4)-α-d-galacturonan as a backbone with the carboxyl groups presenting in either free acid or methyl ester forms [28]. Pectin can be categorized into two classes according to the proportion of the esterified groups into low-methoxyl pectin (LMP) (DE < 50%) and high-methoxyl pectin (HMP) (DE > 50%). The latter is an excellent emulsifier and stabilizer which can be used as a gelling agent and thickening agent [29,30,31]. It is also used as a fat replacer and health-promoting functional food ingredient [10,32]. Additionally, pectin can be added to pharmaceutical products such as bioactive components, drug and gene delivery compounds, tissue engineering products, and wound healing patches [33].
Critical temperature is the temperature expected to inflict at least 10% mortality in the buds, fruits, canes, or woods, depending on the crop. In tree fruit crops such as apples, pears, peaches or apricots, specific tables have been created after testing that identify the expected 10% kill temperatures. Where bud charts do not apply, in some areas, the industry provides freezer testing of wood to determine critical temperature.
Ethylene plays an essential role in the ripening of peach, a climacteric stone fruit. However, several studies have shown that other phytohormones may alter fruit organoleptic properties, nutritional value, and overall quality. Although cytokinin levels are highest during fruit set and early stages of fruit development, exogenous cytokinin application on the late stages of peach fruit development (post-lignification stage) alters the peach fruit ripening indicators and delays ripening. To better understand the molecular mechanisms by which cytokinin alters fruit ripening and fruit quality traits, we identified a conserved set of 26 peach cytokinin-regulated orthologs of the Arabidopsis cytokinin-regulated genes. All but two of these genes show expression in ripe peach fruits. The peach cytokinin-regulated genes map throughout the Prunus persica genome, located on all eight chromosome-scale pseudomolecules. However, eight of these orthologs are located on pseudomolecule 1, while five orthologs are on pseudomolecule 2. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses revealed that many of these genes are associated with metabolic processes. The region upstream of the transcription start site contained Cytokinin Response Elements (CKREs) in 77% (20/26) of these putative cytokinin-regulated genes. The cytokinin responsiveness of eight of these genes (PpeBPH1, PpeCKX4, PpeCPK28, PpeCYP18-2, PpeHSP90-7, PpeNRP2, PpeNIP1-1, and PpePCRP1) was confirmed by RT-qPCR analyses of ripe peach fruits treated exogenously with trans-zeatin for one hour. Therefore, by using a comparative genomic analysis between peach and Arabidopsis, we have identified a conserved set of cytokinin-regulated genes expressed in peach fruits that respond to exogenous application of trans-zeatin and, based upon the conserved cis-regulatory regions, are most likely regulated by the cytokinin Type-B Response Regulators.
We further assessed food consumption by the study participants according to their serum folate status (Table 6). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased consumption of potatoes, legumes, fruits and/or vegetables were associated with decreased risk for low serum folate (determined as folate concentrations
Your box will contain an assortment of fruits at varying levels of ripeness so that you can enjoy them all week long, and we always include storage tips in your newsletter so you can get the most out of your box! ] .
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Hyperspectral imaging-based spatially resolved technique is useful for determining the optical properties of fruits and food products that are homogeneous. To better characterize fruit properties and quality attributes, it is necessary to consider fruit to be composed of two homogeneous layers, i.e., skin and flesh. This research was aimed at developing a nondestructive method to determine the absorption and scattering properties of two-layer turbid materials with characteristics of fruit. An inverse algorithm was developed for extraction of optical properties from the spatially resolved diffuse reflectance data acquired using a hyperspectral imaging system. The diffusion model and inverse algorithm were validated with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurements from model samples. The average errors of determining two and four optical parameters were 6.8% and 15.3%, respectively, for Monte Carlo reflectance data. Moreover, the optical properties of the first layer of model samples were determined with errors of less than 23.0% for absorption coefficient and 18.4% for reduced scattering coefficient. The two-layer diffusion model coupled with the hyperspectral imaging-based spatially resolved technique has the potential to measure the optical properties of such turbid materials as fruits and food products.
Pumpkin, a transitory dicotyledonous fruit, has cylindrical or penta-angular stems, with petioles of 12 to 30 cm; the leaves are circular, heart-shaped, with dimensions of about 20 cm long and 30 cm wide; the yellow flowers are bell-shaped, with five lobes and up to 12 cm long. The peduncle is strong with, a rounded penta-angular base and a large apex. The fruits are round, flattened, oval, oblong or pear-shaped, with varied ribs, between 15 and 60 cm in diameter, and with weights between 2 and 45 kg. It is characterized by its climbing or creeping habit, presence of tendrils, unisexual and showy flowers, entomophilic pollination, annual or perennial vegetative cycle, herbaceous, and usually monoecious plants, but there are also andromonoic and dioecious (Rodríguez et al., 2018). Its pulp is intensely yellow, orange, pale green, or white, and the hollow center contains loose pulpy fibers and numerous oval, flat, white to brown seeds with fine skin, irregular margins, and a fleshy grain (Caseres et al., 2010).
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