A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling.[1] The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships.[2] A full sister is a first-degree relative.
The English word sister comes from Old Norse systir which itself derives from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, both of which have the same meaning, i.e. sister. Some studies have found that sisters display more traits indicating jealousy around their siblings than their male counterparts, brothers.[3] In some cultures, sisters are afforded a role of being under the protection by male siblings, especially older brothers, from issues ranging from bullies or sexual advances by womanizers.[4] In some quarters, the term sister has gradually broadened its colloquial meaning to include individuals stipulating kinship.[5] In response, in order to avoid equivocation, some publishers prefer the usage of female sibling over sister.[6] Males with a twin sister sometimes view her as their female alter ego, or what they would have been like if they had two X chromosomes.[7] A study in Perth, Australia found that girls having only youngers brothers resulted in a chastity effect: losing their virginity on average more than a year later than average. This has been hypothesized as being attributed to the pheromones in their brothers' sweat and household-related errands.[8]
Various studies have shown that older sisters are likely to give a varied gender role to their younger siblings, as well as being more likely to develop a close bond with their younger siblings.[9] Older sisters are more likely to play with their younger siblings.[10] Younger siblings display a more needy behavior when in close proximity to their older sister[11] and are more likely to be tolerant of an older sister's bad behavior.[12] Boys with only an older sister are more likely to display stereotypically male behavior, and such masculine boys increased their masculine behavior with the more sisters they have.[13] The reverse is true for young boys with several sisters, as they tend to be feminine, however, they outgrow this by the time they approach pubescence.[14] Boys with older sisters were less likely to be delinquent or have emotional and behavioral disorders.[15] A younger sister is less likely to be scolded by older siblings than a younger brother.[16] The most common recreational activity between older brother/younger sister pairs is art drawing.[9] Some studies also found a correlation between having an older sister and constructive discussions about safe sexual practices.[17] Some studies have shown that men without sisters are more likely to be ineffectual at courtship and romantic relationships.[18]
The enormous revolution in black consciousness which has occurred in your generation, my dear sister, means the beginning or the end of America. Some of us, white and black, know how great a price has already been paid to bring into existence a new consciousness, a new people, an unprecedented nation. If we know, and do nothing, we are worse than the murderers hired in our name.
The Office of the Secretary of the District of Columbia announces the new Digital Archive for the Office of Public Records and Archives. This repository will make historical records from the DC Archives available digitally to the public for historical and genealogical research.
These partnerships create opportunities for the sister cities to learn from each other in the areas of economic development, education, social, youth and cultural projects or exchanges and government administration. Four to five specific projects are developed under each relationship.
I'm bruised, but I'm not broken. My sister, Lisa Montgomery, is broken. On December 8, the federal government plans to execute her for a crime she committed in the grip of severe mental illness after a lifetime of living hell. She does not deserve to die.
As the oldest, I was the protector of Lisa and our baby sister. When Judy, Lisa's mother and my stepmother, came to beat us, I stood between her and the younger girls and took the beating, whether it was belts, cords or hangers. We lived in a house of horrors.
When I was eight and Lisa was four, social services came and rescued me from Judy, leaving Lisa and our other sister behind. I was put in foster care with a wonderful family. The father was a teacher. There was plenty of food, our clothes were clean, and the kids did our homework together. I couldn't believe how good it felt to be part of a loving family. It turns out that it only takes a few people to save a child's life: being loved by my foster parents saved mine.
Being loved unconditionally helped me heal, find a caring husband, and raise two children who have hearts of gold. While my path to healing was very hard, the difference between Lisa and me is that no one ever intervened to rescue Lisa from a lifetime of abuse.
Judy drank throughout her pregnancy with Lisa and caused her to be born with brain damage. Lisa's and my father was also mentally ill. When Lisa was a small child, Judy allowed men to rape her for money, including allowing her to be gang raped on multiple occasions. She told Lisa she had to "earn her keep."
Judy later married a man named Jack who punched, kicked and choked his children, including Lisa. Jack also raped Lisa for years. He threatened to rape our little sister if Lisa resisted and said he would kill her whole family if she told anyone. All the while, Lisa's mother was being paid to let strange men rape Lisa.
In addition to her brain damage, Lisa developed multiple mental disorders, including bipolar disorder, temporal lobe epilepsy, dissociative disorder, and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. A lifetime of sexual torture causes her to lose touch with reality.
At 18, Judy pressured Lisa to marry her stepbrother. He continued the cycle of abuse, rapes and beatings, which he sadistically videotaped. After she gave birth to four children, Judy pressured Lisa into an involuntary sterilization. She lived with her children in poverty, without running water and other basic necessities, while her mental health deteriorated.
Two days before the crime, her former husband (and stepbrother) sought custody of two of her children. At the time, Lisa had told her new husband that she was pregnant, which her former husband knew wasn't possible because of the forced sterilization. He threatened to expose the imagined pregnancy and use it against her in the custody battle.
The threat of losing her children, combined with the years of untreated trauma and severe mental illness, pushed Lisa over the edge. In the haze of her mental illness, she went to the home of a pregnant woman, killed her, and removed the baby. Lisa then took the baby home and cared for her as though she was her own. The crime itself shows that Lisa had lost all touch with reality.
But my hope is President Trump will stop Lisa's execution and commute her sentence to life in prison. She is not the "worst of the worst" for whom the death penalty was intended. She is the most broken of the broken.
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The NIEHS Sister Study (Spanish) is a prospective cohort study of environmental and genetic risk factors for breast cancer and other diseases among 50,884 sisters of women who have had breast cancer. Such sisters have about twice the risk of developing breast cancer as other women, with about 300 new cases of breast cancer expected to be diagnosed each year. Having a risk-enriched cohort improves statistical power to identify potential modifiable risk factors and for assessing the interplay of genes and environment. Additionally, sisters are often highly motivated to participate in long-term breast cancer research because their family member has experienced the disease. Thus, the response rates and compliance have been high. The prospective design allows the assessment of exposures before the onset of disease, thereby avoiding biases common to retrospective studies.
Study enrollment opened nationally in October 2004 (after a run-in period in selected cities that began in July 2003) and closed in July 2009. Eligible women were 35 to 74 years of age, lived in the United States, including Puerto Rico, and had a sister diagnosed with breast cancer but did not have breast cancer themselves. Multiple recruitment strategies were used to enroll a diverse cohort of women with a variety of different life experiences and exposures.
Baseline data on potential risk factors and current health status were collected in telephone interviews and mailed questionnaires. Blood, urine, and environmental samples were collected during a baseline home visit and banked for future use in nested case-cohort or case-control studies of breast cancer or other diseases. Stored samples include whole blood, cryopreserved whole blood or lymphocytes (12% random sample), plasma, serum, urine, toenail clippings, and household dust collected with alcohol wipes. A small subset of participants provided a second set of biological and environmental samples 4-10 years after the first. The cohort is being followed prospectively, with contact information and major changes to health updated annually. Comprehensive triennial questionnaires update medical history and changes in exposures, with opportunities for special surveys (e.g., questionnaires for breast cancer survivors or a COVID-19 questionnaire).
Sister Study research occurs within the cohort and through consortia efforts that pool data from multiple cohorts. Breast cancer has been the major focus, but a wide range of other conditions have also been studied. Medical records, pathology reports, and tumor tissue blocks are sought for women who develop breast or ovarian cancer. For other cancers, pathology reports are requested. Other self-reported health outcomes are validated for special studies.
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