Do you have any other user accounts? If so, try opening iterm from the other account and see if it launches; otherwise, go into System Preferences: Users and Groups and make a new user account. Then try launching. If it opens in the other user account, it probably indicates a corrupted preference file or something similar. If it crashes on all user accounts, then something is screwed up at the system level or within the application bundle itself. Perhaps permissions on iTerm or something in Library/Application Support.
In looking at the crash message, my guess is that iTerm is trying to load some information that it expects to be there into a dictionary and is finding nothing at the source (could be a preference possibly).
Crashing on exception: *** -[__NSPlaceholderDictionary initWithObjects:forKeys:count:]: attempt to insert nil object from objects[0]
Since it is finding nothing where there should be something ("nil object"), it appears that a FatalError occurred, thus the hard crash. I've seen this behavior with both corrupted preferences or with permission issues on a preference file. It can also occur if a file in the application bundle got corrupted. The above
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