New IZA DPs -- Gender
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IZA Publications
Sep 11, 2025, 1:25:58 PMSep 11
to it...@umich.edu
Dear Italo Gutierrez,
These new IZA Discussion Papers are now available online.
DP 18011 - Shan/Zölitz/Backes-Gellner:
Disconnecting Women: Gender Disparities in the Impact of Online Instruction
DP 18019 - Caliendo/Cobb-Clark/Huber/Pfeifer/Uhlendorff/Wagner:
When Managers Choose: Gender Disparities in Employer Training Provision
DP 18039 - Huebener/Odermatt:
The Wished-For Children: Do Mothers Carry the Burden While Fathers Reap the Joy?
DP 18040 - Ayllón/Lefgren/Patterson/Stoddard/Urdaneta:
‘Sorting’ Out Gender Discrimination and Disadvantage: Evidence from Student Evaluations of Teaching
DP 18092 - Ahimbisibwe/Altjmed/Artemov/Barrios-Fernandez/Bizopoulou/Kaila/Liu/Megalokonomou/Montalban/Neilson/Sun/Otero/Ye:
Pipeline vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap in STEM Applications
DP 18093 - Calvo/Iyigun/Lafortune:
Trapped in Purgatory? The Impact of Divorce Laws on Women’s Welfare with Separation
DP 18097 - Schnabel/Abraham/Wieser/Niessen/Bergmann:
The Digital Gender Divide in Germany: The Role of Preferences and Constraints in Digital Involvement and Wages
Please find the abstracts and download links below.
You might also be interested in this IZA World of Labor content:
Fertility postponement and labor market outcome
IZA DP No. 18011
Xiaoyue Shan, Ulf Zölitz, Uschi Backes-Gellner:
Disconnecting Women: Gender Disparities in the Impact of Online Instruction
Abstract:
We study the impact of online instruction with a field experiment that randomly assigns 1,344 university students to different proportions of online and in-person lectures in multiple introductory courses. Increased online instruction leaves men’s exam performance unaffected but significantly lowers women’s performance, particularly in math-intensive courses. Online instruction also reduces women’s longer-run performance and increases their study dropout. Exploring mechanisms, we find that women exposed to more online lectures report greater difficulty in connecting with peers, less engaging instructors, and lower course satisfaction. Our findings suggest that shifting toward more online instruction may disproportionally harm women.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18011.pdf
IZA DP No. 18019
Marco Caliendo, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Katrin Huber, Harald Pfeifer, Arne Uhlendorff, Sophie Wagner:
When Managers Choose: Gender Disparities in Employer Training Provision
Abstract:
We examine how gender shapes managers' decisions regarding on-the-job training using a discrete choice experiment embedded in a representative survey of German firms. While previous research has focused on employees' demand for it, we make a contribution by studying firms' supply of training. In our vignette study, 1,144 managers evaluate hypothetical candidate profiles that differ by gender, age, competence, job mobility, and training characteristics. We find that women are somewhat more likely than men to receive training offers. The exceptions are that female managers are more reluctant to choose young women for training, while male managers favor male candidates for fully employer-funded training. These patterns persist across various model specifications and remain robust when controlling for observable manager characteristics. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that female managers are more reluctant to offer training to women when they operate in competitive product markets , male-dominated industries, and firms without collective bargaining agreements. More broadly, our results highlight that managers influence not only how much training is undertaken, but also how training opportunities are distributed among employees.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18019.pdf
IZA DP No. 18039
Mathias Huebener, Reto Odermatt:
The Wished-For Children: Do Mothers Carry the Burden While Fathers Reap the Joy?
Abstract:
We assess the gendered effects of having children on well-being, careers, and the division of domestic work. As exogenous variation in parenthood, we exploit the quasi-random success of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatments. Children increase mothers’ well-being only in the short term, while fathers experience longer-lasting gains. However, only mothers show a persistent decline in labor supply and a rise in domestic work. Their satisfaction with the division of work declines, and they are more likely to perceive it as unfair, implying that the new equilibrium in the division of work deviates from mothers’ preferences.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18039.pdf
IZA DP No. 18040
Sara Ayllón, Lars Lefgren, Richard Patterson, Olga B. Stoddard, Nicolas Urdaneta:
‘Sorting’ Out Gender Discrimination and Disadvantage: Evidence from Student Evaluations of Teaching
Abstract:
How should gender discrimination and systemic disadvantage be addressed when more discriminatory and less generous students systematically sort into certain fields, courses, and instructors' sections? In this paper, we estimate measures of gender bias and evaluation generosity at the student level by examining the gap between how a student rates male and female instructors, controlling for professor fixed effects. Accounting for measurement error, we find significant variation in gender bias and generosity across students. Furthermore, we uncover that bias varies systematically by gender and field of study and that patterns of sorting are sufficiently large to place female faculty at a substantive disadvantage in some fields and male faculty at a disadvantage in others. Finally, we document that sexist attitudes are predictive of gender-based sorting and propose Empirical Bayes inspired measures of student-level bias to correct for instructor-specific advantages and disadvant ages caused by sorting.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18040.pdf
IZA DP No. 18092
Isaac Ahimbisibwe, Adam Altjmed, Georgy Artemov, Andres Barrios-Fernandez, Aspasia Bizopoulou, Martti Kaila, Jin-Tan Liu, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Jose Montalban, Christopher A. Neilson, Jintao Sun, Sebastian Otero, Xiaoyang Ye:
Pipeline vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap in STEM Applications
Abstract:
Women account for only 35% of global STEM graduates, a share that has remained unchanged for a decade. We use administrative microdata from centralized university admissions in ten systems to deliver the first cross-national decomposition of the STEM gender gap into a pipeline gap (academic preparedness) and a choice gap (first-choice field conditional on eligibility). In deferred-acceptance platforms where eligibility is score-based, we isolate preferences from access. The pipeline gap varies widely, from -19 to +31 percentage points across education systems. By contrast, the choice gap is remarkably stable: high-scoring women are 25 percentage points less likely than men to rank STEM first.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18092.pdf
IZA DP No. 18093
Paula Calvo, Murat Iyigun, Jeanne Lafortune:
Trapped in Purgatory? The Impact of Divorce Laws on Women’s Welfare with Separation
Abstract:
We show that separation has been a relevant outcome of American relationships over the last century and that separated women have worse economic outcomes than those divorced. A transferable-utility model of marriage, separation and divorce indicates that the welfare effects of divorce legislation depend on considering separation as an alternative. Empirically, the adoption of unilateral divorce laws reduced separation and increased divorce, particularly among low-educated women. A calibrated model indicates heterogeneous welfare effects of unilateral divorce with gains being concentrated among women with lower education. Desertion laws with very short duration generate similar gains for women.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18093.pdf
IZA DP No. 18097
Claus Schnabel, Martin Abraham, Luisa Wieser, Cornelia Niessen, Sara Bergmann:
The Digital Gender Divide in Germany: The Role of Preferences and Constraints in Digital Involvement and Wages
Abstract:
This paper investigates the digital gender divide (DGD) in Germany by analyzing gendered patterns of digital technology use in both private and professional contexts, and their consequences for wages. Using data from the GESIS Panel, we construct a Digital Involvement at Work index covering ten technologies to assess both active use and passive exposure. Our results reveal a significant DGD in the workplace: women are consistently less involved with digital technologies at work, even after controlling for education, occupational qualification, and digital affinity. In contrast, private digital use appears more balanced. This suggests that structural constraints—rather than individual preferences—play a key role in shaping the divide. Further, we find that digital involvement is positively associated with individual income, yet it does not close the gender pay gap (GPG). On the contrary, digital involvement yields greater wage returns for men than for women. These findings hig hlight how gendered patterns of digitalization in the workplace reinforce existing inequalities. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for policy and labor market equity, emphasizing the need for measures that promote equitable digital inclusion.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18097.pdf
Please click here to change your subscription status.
If you have trouble downloading the papers, or for any other questions regarding the IZA Discussion Paper Series, contact public...@iza.org.
These new IZA Discussion Papers are now available online.
DP 18011 - Shan/Zölitz/Backes-Gellner:
Disconnecting Women: Gender Disparities in the Impact of Online Instruction
DP 18019 - Caliendo/Cobb-Clark/Huber/Pfeifer/Uhlendorff/Wagner:
When Managers Choose: Gender Disparities in Employer Training Provision
DP 18039 - Huebener/Odermatt:
The Wished-For Children: Do Mothers Carry the Burden While Fathers Reap the Joy?
DP 18040 - Ayllón/Lefgren/Patterson/Stoddard/Urdaneta:
‘Sorting’ Out Gender Discrimination and Disadvantage: Evidence from Student Evaluations of Teaching
DP 18092 - Ahimbisibwe/Altjmed/Artemov/Barrios-Fernandez/Bizopoulou/Kaila/Liu/Megalokonomou/Montalban/Neilson/Sun/Otero/Ye:
Pipeline vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap in STEM Applications
DP 18093 - Calvo/Iyigun/Lafortune:
Trapped in Purgatory? The Impact of Divorce Laws on Women’s Welfare with Separation
DP 18097 - Schnabel/Abraham/Wieser/Niessen/Bergmann:
The Digital Gender Divide in Germany: The Role of Preferences and Constraints in Digital Involvement and Wages
Please find the abstracts and download links below.
You might also be interested in this IZA World of Labor content:
Fertility postponement and labor market outcome
IZA DP No. 18011
Xiaoyue Shan, Ulf Zölitz, Uschi Backes-Gellner:
Disconnecting Women: Gender Disparities in the Impact of Online Instruction
Abstract:
We study the impact of online instruction with a field experiment that randomly assigns 1,344 university students to different proportions of online and in-person lectures in multiple introductory courses. Increased online instruction leaves men’s exam performance unaffected but significantly lowers women’s performance, particularly in math-intensive courses. Online instruction also reduces women’s longer-run performance and increases their study dropout. Exploring mechanisms, we find that women exposed to more online lectures report greater difficulty in connecting with peers, less engaging instructors, and lower course satisfaction. Our findings suggest that shifting toward more online instruction may disproportionally harm women.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18011.pdf
IZA DP No. 18019
Marco Caliendo, Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Katrin Huber, Harald Pfeifer, Arne Uhlendorff, Sophie Wagner:
When Managers Choose: Gender Disparities in Employer Training Provision
Abstract:
We examine how gender shapes managers' decisions regarding on-the-job training using a discrete choice experiment embedded in a representative survey of German firms. While previous research has focused on employees' demand for it, we make a contribution by studying firms' supply of training. In our vignette study, 1,144 managers evaluate hypothetical candidate profiles that differ by gender, age, competence, job mobility, and training characteristics. We find that women are somewhat more likely than men to receive training offers. The exceptions are that female managers are more reluctant to choose young women for training, while male managers favor male candidates for fully employer-funded training. These patterns persist across various model specifications and remain robust when controlling for observable manager characteristics. Heterogeneity analyses reveal that female managers are more reluctant to offer training to women when they operate in competitive product markets , male-dominated industries, and firms without collective bargaining agreements. More broadly, our results highlight that managers influence not only how much training is undertaken, but also how training opportunities are distributed among employees.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18019.pdf
IZA DP No. 18039
Mathias Huebener, Reto Odermatt:
The Wished-For Children: Do Mothers Carry the Burden While Fathers Reap the Joy?
Abstract:
We assess the gendered effects of having children on well-being, careers, and the division of domestic work. As exogenous variation in parenthood, we exploit the quasi-random success of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatments. Children increase mothers’ well-being only in the short term, while fathers experience longer-lasting gains. However, only mothers show a persistent decline in labor supply and a rise in domestic work. Their satisfaction with the division of work declines, and they are more likely to perceive it as unfair, implying that the new equilibrium in the division of work deviates from mothers’ preferences.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18039.pdf
IZA DP No. 18040
Sara Ayllón, Lars Lefgren, Richard Patterson, Olga B. Stoddard, Nicolas Urdaneta:
‘Sorting’ Out Gender Discrimination and Disadvantage: Evidence from Student Evaluations of Teaching
Abstract:
How should gender discrimination and systemic disadvantage be addressed when more discriminatory and less generous students systematically sort into certain fields, courses, and instructors' sections? In this paper, we estimate measures of gender bias and evaluation generosity at the student level by examining the gap between how a student rates male and female instructors, controlling for professor fixed effects. Accounting for measurement error, we find significant variation in gender bias and generosity across students. Furthermore, we uncover that bias varies systematically by gender and field of study and that patterns of sorting are sufficiently large to place female faculty at a substantive disadvantage in some fields and male faculty at a disadvantage in others. Finally, we document that sexist attitudes are predictive of gender-based sorting and propose Empirical Bayes inspired measures of student-level bias to correct for instructor-specific advantages and disadvant ages caused by sorting.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18040.pdf
IZA DP No. 18092
Isaac Ahimbisibwe, Adam Altjmed, Georgy Artemov, Andres Barrios-Fernandez, Aspasia Bizopoulou, Martti Kaila, Jin-Tan Liu, Rigissa Megalokonomou, Jose Montalban, Christopher A. Neilson, Jintao Sun, Sebastian Otero, Xiaoyang Ye:
Pipeline vs. Choice: The Global Gender Gap in STEM Applications
Abstract:
Women account for only 35% of global STEM graduates, a share that has remained unchanged for a decade. We use administrative microdata from centralized university admissions in ten systems to deliver the first cross-national decomposition of the STEM gender gap into a pipeline gap (academic preparedness) and a choice gap (first-choice field conditional on eligibility). In deferred-acceptance platforms where eligibility is score-based, we isolate preferences from access. The pipeline gap varies widely, from -19 to +31 percentage points across education systems. By contrast, the choice gap is remarkably stable: high-scoring women are 25 percentage points less likely than men to rank STEM first.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18092.pdf
IZA DP No. 18093
Paula Calvo, Murat Iyigun, Jeanne Lafortune:
Trapped in Purgatory? The Impact of Divorce Laws on Women’s Welfare with Separation
Abstract:
We show that separation has been a relevant outcome of American relationships over the last century and that separated women have worse economic outcomes than those divorced. A transferable-utility model of marriage, separation and divorce indicates that the welfare effects of divorce legislation depend on considering separation as an alternative. Empirically, the adoption of unilateral divorce laws reduced separation and increased divorce, particularly among low-educated women. A calibrated model indicates heterogeneous welfare effects of unilateral divorce with gains being concentrated among women with lower education. Desertion laws with very short duration generate similar gains for women.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18093.pdf
IZA DP No. 18097
Claus Schnabel, Martin Abraham, Luisa Wieser, Cornelia Niessen, Sara Bergmann:
The Digital Gender Divide in Germany: The Role of Preferences and Constraints in Digital Involvement and Wages
Abstract:
This paper investigates the digital gender divide (DGD) in Germany by analyzing gendered patterns of digital technology use in both private and professional contexts, and their consequences for wages. Using data from the GESIS Panel, we construct a Digital Involvement at Work index covering ten technologies to assess both active use and passive exposure. Our results reveal a significant DGD in the workplace: women are consistently less involved with digital technologies at work, even after controlling for education, occupational qualification, and digital affinity. In contrast, private digital use appears more balanced. This suggests that structural constraints—rather than individual preferences—play a key role in shaping the divide. Further, we find that digital involvement is positively associated with individual income, yet it does not close the gender pay gap (GPG). On the contrary, digital involvement yields greater wage returns for men than for women. These findings hig hlight how gendered patterns of digitalization in the workplace reinforce existing inequalities. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for policy and labor market equity, emphasizing the need for measures that promote equitable digital inclusion.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18097.pdf
Please click here to change your subscription status.
If you have trouble downloading the papers, or for any other questions regarding the IZA Discussion Paper Series, contact public...@iza.org.
IZA Publications
Sep 11, 2025, 1:28:00 PMSep 11
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