New IZA DPs -- Household / Gender
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IZA Publications
Feb 9, 2026, 10:44:15 AM (6 days ago) Feb 9
to it...@umich.edu
Dear Italo Gutierrez,
These new IZA Discussion Papers are now available online.
DP 18288 - Moroni/Nicoletti/Salvanes/Tominey:
Gender Equality Through Marriage
DP 18298 - Nuevo-Chiquero/Holthaus:
Birth Order and Longevity over the Demographic Transition: Evidence from the Netherlands
DP 18300 - Cobb-Clark/Dang/Fisher:
Daycare Accessibility and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes: Do Quality Ratings Matter?
DP 18317 - Deng/Luo/Plug/Yu:
The Relationship Between Earnings and Sexual Orientation: First Evidence from China
DP 18323 - Jirjahn/Ottenbacher:
The Impact of Personality Traits on Sexual Satisfaction and Frequency of Sex: Does It Differ Between Single and Partnered Individuals?
DP 18324 - Kotsadam/Løvgren/Moreau/Stancanelli/van Soest:
When Gender Kicks In: An Experimental Study of Work from Home and Attitudes to Household Work and Childcare
DP 18337 - Kaiser/Mata:
Persistence of Gender Norms and Women Entrepreneurship
DP 18343 - Barbara Broadway, Guyonne Kalb:
The Effect of Separation on Poverty and Employment
Please find the abstracts and download links below.
IZA DP No. 18288
Gloria Moroni, Cheti Nicoletti, Kjell G. Salvanes, Emma Tominey:
Gender Equality Through Marriage
Abstract:
We revisit the economic effects of marriage, analysing its heterogeneous impact on the intra-household labour division following childbirth. Can marriage promote coordination of work and child activities between parents and a gender egalitarian division of labour? Using a marginal treatment effect framework, we find the average effect of marriage is to increase parental specialization and worsen the mother’s child penalty. However, we find differences across couples with varying resistance to marriage. While traditional couples (low-resistance) exhibit increased specialization; in modern couples (high-resistance) fathers have an earnings penalty and take more paternity leave, suggesting more coordination and gender equality.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18288.pdf
IZA DP No. 18298
Ana Nuevo-Chiquero, Krista L.H. Holthaus:
Birth Order and Longevity over the Demographic Transition: Evidence from the Netherlands
Abstract:
We study within-family differences by order of birth in survival and longevity in 19th century Netherlands. Using existing matched birth and death records from the Dutch provinces of Groningen and Drenthe, we report no significant differences in survival to ages 5 or 18 or longevity for those reaching adulthood by their order of birth among all siblings. When we allow the effect to vary by gender of the individual and of the older siblings, we find a small negative (positive) effect driven by same-(different-)gender older siblings, suggesting certain within-gender competition on survival. The effects, however, are small -- around 0.5 percentage points on survival levels above 75\% -- and are consistently restricted to early life. Longevity, once the individual reaches adulthood, is not consistently correlated with birth order for more flexible specifications. Importantly, we do not detect any differences by socio-economic status as captured by the father's occupation, nor d o we observe a particular trend over time. This lack of observable differences by socio-economic status is noteworthy, especially given the radical changes during the study period, suggesting that it was homogeneously distributed by order of birth.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18298.pdf
IZA DP No. 18300
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Tung Dang, Hayley Fisher:
Daycare Accessibility and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes: Do Quality Ratings Matter?
Abstract:
Using administrative data on Australian daycare centers and a triple-difference design, we examine the impact of daycare availability and quality ratings on childcare utilization and mothers’ labor market outcomes. We document a substantial positive impact of daycare availability and higher quality ratings on formal care usage and mothers’ employment and earnings. The effect of quality ratings is particularly pronounced among high-income, more-educated, and first-time mothers, whose perceptions of local daycare quality are most responsive to changes in ratings. Our findings underscore the important roles of childcare quality, in addition to accessibility, in shaping families’ childcare choices and mothers’ employment decisions.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18300.pdf
IZA DP No. 18317
Zichen Deng, Weixiang Luo, Erik Plug, Jia Yu:
The Relationship Between Earnings and Sexual Orientation: First Evidence from China
Abstract:
We document, for the very first time, the relationship between earnings and sexual orientation in China. Using data from the 2020 Chinese Private Life Survey, we find that gay men earn significantly less than comparable heterosexual men, with the largest penalties for rural-hukou holders and among men reporting exclusive same-sex attraction. Lesbian women tend to earn more than heterosexual women, but the differences are small and mostly insignificant. The estimates for bisexual men and women are uniformly insignificant. We conclude that the gay penalties and lesbian premiums in China, albeit imprecisely estimated, mirror those observed in Western labor markets and are most consistent with explanations based on conventional gender norms and intra-household specialization.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18317.pdf
IZA DP No. 18323
Uwe Jirjahn, Martha Ottenbacher:
The Impact of Personality Traits on Sexual Satisfaction and Frequency of Sex: Does It Differ Between Single and Partnered Individuals?
Abstract:
Using representative data from Germany, this study compares the role of the Big Five personality traits in the sex life of single and partnered individuals. While extraversion has a positive influence on the sex life of both single and partnered individuals, the influence is much stronger for singles. By contrast, the positive role of conscientiousness in sexual fulfillment is stronger for partnered than for single individuals. Openness to experience and agreeableness play a positive role only in the sex life of partnered individuals. Neuroticism has a detrimental impact on people’s sex life with the impact being stronger for singles than for partnered individuals. The empirical findings fit our theoretical considerations. Personality traits play different roles in the sex life of single and partnered individuals as the sexual relationships of these individuals are characterized by different time horizons.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18323.pdf
IZA DP No. 18324
Andreas Kotsadam, Mette Løvgren, Nicolas Moreau, Elena G. F. Stancanelli, Arthur van Soest:
When Gender Kicks In: An Experimental Study of Work from Home and Attitudes to Household Work and Childcare
Abstract:
We study how working from home links to gendered attitudes about household work and childcare. Using a vignette experiment embedded in a regular Dutch population representative survey, we randomly vary the gender of the partner working from home in a hypothetical dual-earner couple. When presented with various routine and emergency chores, respondents, on average, agree that the partner working from home should execute them. These effects are significantly larger when the vignette randomly depicts a man, rather than a woman, working from home, but these gender differences in respondents’ expectations vanish in a scenario where no partner works from home. All in all, the evidence gathered indicates that Work from Home may blast rather than boost gender norms around household work and childcare.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18324.pdf
IZA DP No. 18337
Ulrich Kaiser, José Mata:
Persistence of Gender Norms and Women Entrepreneurship
Abstract:
We study whether gender norms—proxied by Switzerland’s 1981 referendum on constitutional gender equality—continue to shape women’s entrepreneurship today, despite major demographic change. Using startup data for all Swiss municipalities from 2016 to 2023, we find that places with stronger historical support for gender equality have significantly higher women-to-men startup ratios. A one–percentage point increase in the 1981 “yes” vote share is associated with a 0.165 percent increase in this ratio. The result is robust to controlling for later gender-related referenda, extensive municipal characteristics, and contemporary policy measures. The association is stronger in municipalities with more stable populations and in less religious municipalities. Childcare spending alone is not linked to startup rates, but it positively affects women’s entrepreneurship when combined with supportive historical gender norms, highlighting the joint role of formal policies and informal social support.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18337.pdf
IZA DP No. 18343
Barbara Broadway, Guyonne Kalb:
The Effect of Separation on Poverty and Employment
Abstract:
Using 2001–2021 HILDA survey data, this paper estimates how separation or divorce affects poverty and employment trajectories over five years after the event. A difference-in-differences approach compares separated individuals with couples who stayed together, accounting for recent and long-term labour market history prior to separation. Women with preschool children face a 19.9 percentage point higher poverty risk in the first year, which fades within three years. Women with older or no children experience smaller but longer-lasting poverty increases. Pre-separation employment strongly moderates effects: non-employed women face much higher poverty risks than employed women who have similar poverty risks to men. Men’s poverty impacts are smaller and shorter-lived. Separation barely changes women’s employment but slightly reduces men’s employment, especially those with preschool children.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18343.pdf
Please click here to change your subscription status.
If you have trouble downloading the papers, or for any other questions regarding the IZA Discussion Paper Series, contact public...@iza.org.
These new IZA Discussion Papers are now available online.
DP 18288 - Moroni/Nicoletti/Salvanes/Tominey:
Gender Equality Through Marriage
DP 18298 - Nuevo-Chiquero/Holthaus:
Birth Order and Longevity over the Demographic Transition: Evidence from the Netherlands
DP 18300 - Cobb-Clark/Dang/Fisher:
Daycare Accessibility and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes: Do Quality Ratings Matter?
DP 18317 - Deng/Luo/Plug/Yu:
The Relationship Between Earnings and Sexual Orientation: First Evidence from China
DP 18323 - Jirjahn/Ottenbacher:
The Impact of Personality Traits on Sexual Satisfaction and Frequency of Sex: Does It Differ Between Single and Partnered Individuals?
DP 18324 - Kotsadam/Løvgren/Moreau/Stancanelli/van Soest:
When Gender Kicks In: An Experimental Study of Work from Home and Attitudes to Household Work and Childcare
DP 18337 - Kaiser/Mata:
Persistence of Gender Norms and Women Entrepreneurship
DP 18343 - Barbara Broadway, Guyonne Kalb:
The Effect of Separation on Poverty and Employment
Please find the abstracts and download links below.
IZA DP No. 18288
Gloria Moroni, Cheti Nicoletti, Kjell G. Salvanes, Emma Tominey:
Gender Equality Through Marriage
Abstract:
We revisit the economic effects of marriage, analysing its heterogeneous impact on the intra-household labour division following childbirth. Can marriage promote coordination of work and child activities between parents and a gender egalitarian division of labour? Using a marginal treatment effect framework, we find the average effect of marriage is to increase parental specialization and worsen the mother’s child penalty. However, we find differences across couples with varying resistance to marriage. While traditional couples (low-resistance) exhibit increased specialization; in modern couples (high-resistance) fathers have an earnings penalty and take more paternity leave, suggesting more coordination and gender equality.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18288.pdf
IZA DP No. 18298
Ana Nuevo-Chiquero, Krista L.H. Holthaus:
Birth Order and Longevity over the Demographic Transition: Evidence from the Netherlands
Abstract:
We study within-family differences by order of birth in survival and longevity in 19th century Netherlands. Using existing matched birth and death records from the Dutch provinces of Groningen and Drenthe, we report no significant differences in survival to ages 5 or 18 or longevity for those reaching adulthood by their order of birth among all siblings. When we allow the effect to vary by gender of the individual and of the older siblings, we find a small negative (positive) effect driven by same-(different-)gender older siblings, suggesting certain within-gender competition on survival. The effects, however, are small -- around 0.5 percentage points on survival levels above 75\% -- and are consistently restricted to early life. Longevity, once the individual reaches adulthood, is not consistently correlated with birth order for more flexible specifications. Importantly, we do not detect any differences by socio-economic status as captured by the father's occupation, nor d o we observe a particular trend over time. This lack of observable differences by socio-economic status is noteworthy, especially given the radical changes during the study period, suggesting that it was homogeneously distributed by order of birth.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18298.pdf
IZA DP No. 18300
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark, Tung Dang, Hayley Fisher:
Daycare Accessibility and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes: Do Quality Ratings Matter?
Abstract:
Using administrative data on Australian daycare centers and a triple-difference design, we examine the impact of daycare availability and quality ratings on childcare utilization and mothers’ labor market outcomes. We document a substantial positive impact of daycare availability and higher quality ratings on formal care usage and mothers’ employment and earnings. The effect of quality ratings is particularly pronounced among high-income, more-educated, and first-time mothers, whose perceptions of local daycare quality are most responsive to changes in ratings. Our findings underscore the important roles of childcare quality, in addition to accessibility, in shaping families’ childcare choices and mothers’ employment decisions.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18300.pdf
IZA DP No. 18317
Zichen Deng, Weixiang Luo, Erik Plug, Jia Yu:
The Relationship Between Earnings and Sexual Orientation: First Evidence from China
Abstract:
We document, for the very first time, the relationship between earnings and sexual orientation in China. Using data from the 2020 Chinese Private Life Survey, we find that gay men earn significantly less than comparable heterosexual men, with the largest penalties for rural-hukou holders and among men reporting exclusive same-sex attraction. Lesbian women tend to earn more than heterosexual women, but the differences are small and mostly insignificant. The estimates for bisexual men and women are uniformly insignificant. We conclude that the gay penalties and lesbian premiums in China, albeit imprecisely estimated, mirror those observed in Western labor markets and are most consistent with explanations based on conventional gender norms and intra-household specialization.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18317.pdf
IZA DP No. 18323
Uwe Jirjahn, Martha Ottenbacher:
The Impact of Personality Traits on Sexual Satisfaction and Frequency of Sex: Does It Differ Between Single and Partnered Individuals?
Abstract:
Using representative data from Germany, this study compares the role of the Big Five personality traits in the sex life of single and partnered individuals. While extraversion has a positive influence on the sex life of both single and partnered individuals, the influence is much stronger for singles. By contrast, the positive role of conscientiousness in sexual fulfillment is stronger for partnered than for single individuals. Openness to experience and agreeableness play a positive role only in the sex life of partnered individuals. Neuroticism has a detrimental impact on people’s sex life with the impact being stronger for singles than for partnered individuals. The empirical findings fit our theoretical considerations. Personality traits play different roles in the sex life of single and partnered individuals as the sexual relationships of these individuals are characterized by different time horizons.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18323.pdf
IZA DP No. 18324
Andreas Kotsadam, Mette Løvgren, Nicolas Moreau, Elena G. F. Stancanelli, Arthur van Soest:
When Gender Kicks In: An Experimental Study of Work from Home and Attitudes to Household Work and Childcare
Abstract:
We study how working from home links to gendered attitudes about household work and childcare. Using a vignette experiment embedded in a regular Dutch population representative survey, we randomly vary the gender of the partner working from home in a hypothetical dual-earner couple. When presented with various routine and emergency chores, respondents, on average, agree that the partner working from home should execute them. These effects are significantly larger when the vignette randomly depicts a man, rather than a woman, working from home, but these gender differences in respondents’ expectations vanish in a scenario where no partner works from home. All in all, the evidence gathered indicates that Work from Home may blast rather than boost gender norms around household work and childcare.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18324.pdf
IZA DP No. 18337
Ulrich Kaiser, José Mata:
Persistence of Gender Norms and Women Entrepreneurship
Abstract:
We study whether gender norms—proxied by Switzerland’s 1981 referendum on constitutional gender equality—continue to shape women’s entrepreneurship today, despite major demographic change. Using startup data for all Swiss municipalities from 2016 to 2023, we find that places with stronger historical support for gender equality have significantly higher women-to-men startup ratios. A one–percentage point increase in the 1981 “yes” vote share is associated with a 0.165 percent increase in this ratio. The result is robust to controlling for later gender-related referenda, extensive municipal characteristics, and contemporary policy measures. The association is stronger in municipalities with more stable populations and in less religious municipalities. Childcare spending alone is not linked to startup rates, but it positively affects women’s entrepreneurship when combined with supportive historical gender norms, highlighting the joint role of formal policies and informal social support.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18337.pdf
IZA DP No. 18343
Barbara Broadway, Guyonne Kalb:
The Effect of Separation on Poverty and Employment
Abstract:
Using 2001–2021 HILDA survey data, this paper estimates how separation or divorce affects poverty and employment trajectories over five years after the event. A difference-in-differences approach compares separated individuals with couples who stayed together, accounting for recent and long-term labour market history prior to separation. Women with preschool children face a 19.9 percentage point higher poverty risk in the first year, which fades within three years. Women with older or no children experience smaller but longer-lasting poverty increases. Pre-separation employment strongly moderates effects: non-employed women face much higher poverty risks than employed women who have similar poverty risks to men. Men’s poverty impacts are smaller and shorter-lived. Separation barely changes women’s employment but slightly reduces men’s employment, especially those with preschool children.
https://docs.iza.org/dp18343.pdf
Please click here to change your subscription status.
If you have trouble downloading the papers, or for any other questions regarding the IZA Discussion Paper Series, contact public...@iza.org.
IZA Publications
Feb 9, 2026, 10:46:12 AM (6 days ago) Feb 9
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