No, that is not possible. [Run] ignores exit codes, and even if it
didn't, they're run too late to actually stop the installation. (Also,
exit code 0 usually means success, not an error...)
If you want to do something with exit codes, you will need to use [Code]
instead of [Run].
If you want to stop the installation, then that [Code] should probably
be in the PrepareToInstall function. Note that this is called before
anything is actually installed, so you will need to use
ExtractTemporaryFile(s) to extract the minimum files needed to run the tool.
Alternatively, it may be simpler to write a DLL and call it from
PrepareToInstall; Inno handles the extraction for you in this case, and
you can more easily communicate with the install script.