Wastewater treatment plant

[shubham Inc]

Second, calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to precipitate out as
hard deposits to the surfaces of pipes and heat exchanger surfaces.
This is principally caused by thermal decomposition of bi-carbonate
ions but also happens to some extent even in the absence of such ions.
The resulting build-up of scale can restrict water flow in pipes. In
boilers, the deposits act as an insulation that impairs the flow of
heat into water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing the
metal boiler components to overheat. In a pressurized system, this can
lead to failure of the boiler.

Third, the presence of ions in an electrolyte, in this case, hard
water, can also lead to galvanic corrosion, in which one metal will
preferentially corrode when in contact with another type of metal,
when both are in contact with an electrolyte. However the sodium (or
potassium) ions released during conventional water softening are much
more electrolytically active than the calcium or magnesium ions that
they replace and galvanic corrosion would be expected to be
substantially increased by water softening and not decreased.
Similarly if any lead plumbing is in use, softened water is likely to
be substantially more plumbo-solvent than hard water

Ion-exchange resin devices
Conventional water-softening devices intended for household use depend
on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness" ions trade places with
sodium ions that are electrostatically bound to the anionic functional
groups of the polymeric resin. A class of minerals called zeolites
also exhibits ion-exchange properties; these minerals were widely used
in earlier water softeners. Water softeners may be desirable when the
source of water is a well, whether municipal or private.

How it works
The water to be treated passes through a bed of the resin. Negatively-
charged resins absorb and bind metal ions, which are positively
charged. The resins initially contain univalent hydrogen, sodium or
potassium ions, which exchange with divalent calcium and magnesium
ions in the water. As the water passes through the resin column, the
hardness ions replace the hydrogen, sodium or potassium ions which are
released into the water. The "harder" the water, the more hydrogen,
sodium or potassium ions are released from the resin and into the
water.

<a href="http://www.shubhamindia.com/water_softening.htm">waste water
treatment plant</a> that cannot be discharged to sanitary sewers for
treatment at a centralized <a href="http://www.shubhamindia.com/
water_softening.htm">waste water treatment plant</a> must be treated
on the site where it originated. Systems for on-site treatment of
wastewater are referred to as “septic systems”, “on-site disposal
systems”, subsurface disposal systems” or “individual sewerage
systems”(SSDS) among others.

Sewage flows from the original area into the septic tank where the
heavier solids settle to the bottom forming a sludge deposit. Lighter
solids, such as grease, float to the top and form a scum layer. The
liquid flows from the septic tank into an absorption system where it
soaks into the soil. This process provides treatment of the sewage by
gravity settling and skimming, biological decomposition and soil
filtration. Proper functioning of an individual sewerage system
depends on adequate design, proper construction, careful use and
maintenance.

Today, we need science-based solutions reflecting expertise in
environmental engineering, technology, regulatory issues, design and
project management.

The best approach is to find a single source for these services. This
streamlines the work process, maximizes your performance, extends your
budget furthest and ensures greater accountability

Resins are also available to remove carbonate, bi-carbonate and
sulphate ions which are absorbed and hydroxyl ions released from the
resin. Both types of resin may be provided in a single water softener.

For More Details : www.shubhamindia.com