
Carlo Fonseka
Born in 1939, TissaAbeysekera could not possibly be the Father of Sinhala Cinema, but he proved to be its life- blood. He wrote the screenplay of Maestro Lester James Peries’s Nidhanaya (1969) which made it to the best one hundred motion pictures ever made in the world. He wrote the dialogues of Lester James Peries’s finest film Gamperaliya (1963) which was based on the greatest novel in the Sinhala language. He wrote the screenplay and dialogues and directed Viragaya (1987) the ethereal film based on Martin Wickramasinghe’s sublime novel. Even if the only thing that Tissa had ever done for Sinhala cinema was to have made Viragaya, he would still have merited cinematic historical immortality as a Grand Master of the art. I had the poignant experience of having one last chat with Tissa the day before he died in April 2009 a few days before his 70th birthday. When I told him that his combination of attributes as a screenplay and dialogue writer and a film director made him the most complete film-maker in the world of Sinhala cinema he sighed: "Yes, but in nearly seventy years this complete film maker has made a grand total of just three films, and if anything that only certifies abject failure." "If so" I riposted, "you are the tragic hero of our cinema". "May be" my friend Tissa murmured with a smile. That was the last thing he ever said to me.
Remarkable Man
Tissa was one of the remarkable men it has been my privilege to know and I think I can claim to have known the most remarkable men in the Sinhala world of art in the 20th century. He never spoke about the fact that his father was a knight of the British Empire, Sir Arthur Soloman de Fonseka. He used to say that he was inducted into the language of Shakespeare and Milton by his upper class, ultra-conservative father and to Sinhala Buddhist culture and left-wing politics by his radical mother. The more I got to know about Tissa, the more I realized that he was something of an enigma wrapped in a mystery. His close friends, however, neither knew nor cared much about his roots. To us he was a man endowed with a sharp brain, a magnetic personality and impulsive heart. He had an undisguised contempt for everything that was phoney or pompous. As a compulsive talker and a raconteur (a retailer of anecdotes) he could be mesmerizing. His refined husky voice an impeccable diction of both English and Sinhala made him irresistible especially to women. I have watched (with envy) how the magic worked. I have reason to believe that if he wished he could persuade any nubile female to marry him!
Master of Language
Tissa could speak learnedly and brilliantly on a wide variety of subjects including cinema, literature, history, politics and music. He had a vivid imagination and could speak as brilliantly as he wrote. His English style was elegant. The highest point in his writing career came when his autobiographical novel Bringing Tony Home: a Story In Three Movements was awarded the prestigious Gratiaen Prize for creative writing in 1996. He was immensely and (pardonably) very proud of this achievement because for all his intellectual brilliance, his highest educational attainment on paper was the Senior School Certificate. As a result of this academic limitation, for most of his adult life Tissa suffered from a certain lack of confidence and needed constant reassurance. At last in 2007 the University of Colombo awarded him an honorary doctorate and Tissa became a changed personality. He rejoiced in the well-deserved title.
Politics
In politics he was consistently left-wing and was a card-carrying member of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party. After the galaxy of giants who led the LSSP from 1935 passed away in the fullness of time yielding place to a new order, Tissa emerged as a formidable theoretician and platform orator. He reveled in this role. His scripts were inspiring and his performances on the platform were theatrical. The crowds loved his oratory. Having been on the same platform from time to time I know that speaking after Tissa was a regular disaster for me. I carefully watched him in action and learnt a few tricks from him.
Tissa as Actor
Although Tissa had inborn dramatic ability he was not concerned to become a professional actor. He played a significant role in his film Mahagedera (1983) which he directed. The film was uniformly gloomy but it remains in my memory for the dexterous use that Tissa made of the much loved popular song called Nil AhasThale. At the time Tissa included the song in the film he did not know its creator and like many of us assumed that it was one of those anonymous community creations. So no credit was given to its creator Mr. U. D. Perera who had composed the song in the 1930s when he was a lecturer in the Teachers’ Training School. Fortunately Mr. U. D. Perera’s son, eminent gynecologist Dr. Hemantha Perera produced documentary proof of the authorship of this beautiful song and Tissa duly accepted his oversight.For me the high point in the film is the episode in which the disintegrating family becomes emotionally bonded again by singing severally and collectively Nil AhasThale, round the family piano. The lead professorial role Tissa played in Wathsala Akka (1985) was a nightmare that he struggled to erase from his memory bank. Curiously enough it was in two films, namely, Weera Puranappu (1978) and Ammavarune (2006) that my much-married friend Tissa pulled off spectacular performances as a Buddhist Bhikku. They remained indelibly etched on my memory.
Musicologist
Tissa was a self-taught musicologist of the first rank. In this field his insights were as original as they were creative. He was the leading authority on the music of Sunil Santha. He collaborated with his musical friend Piyasiri Wijeratne in a seminal and definitive study of the artistry of Sunil Santha’s music. His principal insight was that there was a natural and inseparable, correspondence between the phonetics of the Sinhala language and the notations of Sunil’s music. He researched the matter thoroughly and documented his findings systematically. Briefly he argued the thesis that in the history of modern Sinhala music it was Sunil Santha who created the nearest thing we have to a genre of music which is uniquely and authentically indigenous, Sinhala and modern. He consciously rejected Ragadhari North Indian music as a suitable foundation for Sinhala music.
Perhaps his enduring contribution to Sinhala musicology is his masterly exploration of our musical heritage he presented in January 2009, as a member of the National Trust. His lecture-demonstration on that occasion was titled From Meter to Melody . It is a comprehensive, authoritative and clear exposition of our musical heritage from the earliest times up to (but not including) Amaradeva. Sadly he did not live to complete the musical voyage of discovery he embarked upon.
Impact
To give just appreciation of the impact Tissa Abeysekera had on our times would require the work of a trained historian with a broad and deep knowledge of the cultural history of Sri Lanka in the 20th century. Tissa’s major impact was on Sinhala cinema and this derived from his encyclopedic knowledge of both world cinema and literature. His bilingual competence in Sinhala and English and his expository and oratorical skills contributed immensely to the impact he had. He also articulated a vision that was humanistic liberal modern and inspiring. His unconventional life added to the mystique of his persona; that he cared more for his art than for wealth or power was evident to all. I shall not see the like of him again. Of his personal kindness to me I do not speak except to record gratefully that he allowed me to piggyback on his cinematic masterpiece Viragaya to a tiny permanent niche in the history Sinhala cinema.
සිංහල සිනමාවට පනස් වසරක් පිරුණු 1997 දී ජාත්යන්තර සම්ප්රදායට අනුව සිනමා විචාරකයන්ගේ ඡන්දයෙන් විශිෂ්ට සිනමා කෘති තේරූ වෙලාවේ තුන්වෙනුව තේරුණේ "විරාගය" චිත්රපටයයි. පළමු තැන "නිධානය" ට දෙවැනි තැන "ගම් පෙරළිය" ට ලැබිණි. මෙම චිත්රපට තුනටම සම්බන්ධව කටයුතු කළ තිස්ස අබේසේකරගේ අවසන් චිත්රපටය "විරාගය" යි. එක සහ දෙක ලෙස අගතැන් හිමි චිත්රපට ද්වයෙහිම නිමැවුම්කරු කියනා ලෙසට මෙම චිත්රපට තුනටම සම්බන්ධ වීමම තිස්සගේ විශිෂ්ටකමට සාක්ෂියකි. එම සුදුසුකම් ලෙස්ටර්ටවත් නැත. මෙම අඩසිය වසක විශිෂ්ටතම ලාංකික සිනමා කෘති තේරූ විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩලය සමන්විත වූයේ අජිත් සමරනායක, ගාමිණී විෙ-තුංග, ගාමිණී වේරගම, චන්දන සිල්වා, පියල් සෝමරත්න, පියසිරි නාගහවත්ත, බෙනඩික්ට් දොඩම්පේගම, රෙජී සිරිවර්ධන, ලෙස්ලි බොතේජු, ගාමිණී හත්තෙට්ටුවේගම, චන්ද්රසිරි පල්ලියගරු වැනි විශිෂ්ට සිනමා විචාරකයින් ගෙනි. මොවුන් තෙවනුවට තේරූ "විරාගය" චිත්රපටයෙන් පසු තිස්සට එබඳු (හෝ කිසිදු) චිත්රපටයක් එළිදක්වන්නට නොහැකි වේ. සිය අවසන් චිත්රපටය එළි දක්වා වසර 22 ක් ම ජීවත් වූ මෙම විශිෂ්ට සිනමාවේදියාට තවත් චිත්රපටයක්, දෙකක් කරන්නට නොහැකිවීම අවාසනාවකි. ඊට හේතු කවරේදැයි සෙවීම 'විරාගය' වැනි යහපත් සිනමාවක අභිවෘද්ධිය පතන සිනමා භක්තිකයින් අනුමත කරනු ඇත. 'විරාගයෙන්' පසු මෙම සිනමා දැනවතාට චිත්රපටයක් කරන්නට නොහැකි වන්නේ මන්දැයි ඔහුගේ ජීවිත කතාව ලියූ ("තිස්ස-තිස්ස") මවිසින් සොයාගනු ලැබූවත් මා එය නොලියන්නේ ඔහුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙනි. කෙසේ වෙතත් මෙබඳු විශිෂ්ට සිනමාකරුවකුගේ චිත්රපටයකට දායක වන්නට තරම් සිනමා බැතිමතුන් වූ නිෂ්පාදකවරු යළි කිසිදාක චිත්රපට නිපදවන්නේ නැත. "විරාගය" නිෂ්පාදිකාවට තම ගේ දොර පවා විකුණා රට හැර යන්නට සිදු වූ බව අප අසා ඇත.
"විරාගයේ" අරවින්ද ලෙස විශිෂ්ට රංගනයක යෙදුණු සහ එම විශිෂ්ට රඟපෑම සඳහා ඓතිහාසික කැපකිරීමක් කළා වූ සනත් ගුණතිලකව එම චරිතය සඳහා තෝරා ගනු ලැබුවේ තිස්ස විසින් නොවීම ද තිස්සගේ ඉහත "අකමැත්තට" (එනම් "මහගෙදර", තරමට "විරාගයට" කැමති නොවීම) හේතුවක් විය හැක. මේ අනුව සනත්ගේ විශිෂ්ට රඟපෑම යනු දෙමුහුන් තිස්සට "කිරි නිසාම අහක නොදමා බොන්නට සිදු වූ උණු කිරි බඳුනකි". අරවින්දගේ චරිතයට සනත් ගුණතිලකවම ගත යුතු යෑයි තිස්සට යෝජනා කර සිටින්නේ ඔහුගේ මෙම චිත්රපට සිහිනය යථාර්ථයක් බවට පත් කරනු සඳහා ප්රායෝගිකව මුදල් ආයෝජනය කළා වූ නිෂ්පාදිකාව විසිනි. මේ බවට සාක්ෂි ඇත. විරාගයේ නිෂ්පාදිකාව චනද්රා මල්ලවාරච්චි ය.By Jayantha Anandappa
Australia
Tissa Abeysekara is quite rightly celebrated as the best cinema script and dialogue writer, film director, film and literary critic, musicologist, an eloquent orator and arguably the best bilingual writer we had, certainly the best in our generation. Surely posterity will remember Tissa as an iconic figure in the contemporary cultural landscape just as Lester J Peries, Martin Wickremasinghe, Amaradeva or Sarathchandra.
Celebrating Tissa Abeysekara’s works on his death anniversary (18th April), a critic recently lamented that Tissa’s sublimely beautiful cinematic masterpiece Viragaya (1988) had been destroyed for ever and the producer had arbitrarily shortened ("cut and chopped") the film whilst it was still running. The writer also had implied that disheartened, Tissa did not make any more feature films.
As a person who had been in contact with Tissa, I can vouch that Tissa always tried to resurrect his career as a filmmaker but could not find a producer. Eventually he turned to his first love- fiction and produced two literary gems in English- as his sunset achievement.
Between 2003 and 2007 I was in touch with Tissa on various issues including a book he was planning to write on Sunil Santha. The subject of Viragaya including the role of the producer had featured in our discussions. These discussions showed me a glimpse of the fascinating, intriguing and the enigmatic nature of this rare genius including his unusual stance on his masterpiece Viragaya.
Tissa steadfastly refused to acknowledge "Viragaya" as his best work and always gave that place to "Mahagedara". When I disagreed he provided a flimsy counter-argument that "Mahagedara" was his own story but "Viragaya" was not. That "Viragaya" is the much superior film is undebatable. Officially it is ranked as the third best film ever made in Sri Lanka behind Nidanaya and Gamperaliya.
From early nineties Tissa maintained through Sinhala newspaper columns that the full length movie of Viragaya was shown only in Regal and that too only in the first two weeks of the first round of screening. He also moaned that the Viragaya full print is lost for ever. In his writings (reprinted as Cinema Sithuvili in book form) he had implied that whilst the film was running its producer had visited the theatres and had "cut and chopped" the film. The comment had baffled me for a long time. When I told him that I saw the film in Nugegoda which ran over 3 hrs and that it looked in perfect order, he was quick to distract me by saying that he shot the film originally for 4 hrs, confusing me even further.
This specific discussion on Viragaya took place in Jan 2004 at his residence. When I asked for more details about the producer the great man became allusive. "She is overseas now for a long time" When I asked him where does she live- he retorted- "I donknow- must be in the United States", discouraging me to discuss the topic further.
Meeting the Producer of Viragaya
In June 2008 under rather fortuitous circumstances I made the acquaintance of the producer of Viragaya Chandra Mallawarachchi in Sydney. As I later discovered, Chandra too is an artist and had taken a very high financial risk in venturing to film a novel thought to be un-filmable. She is a poet and a painter of notable talent (her publication "Gaeheniya" contains her verse and paintings).
Naturally I was keen to find her point of view on the issues raised. Behind the production of Viragaya hers is a long interesting story. It is not my role to retell her story, but during the course of her responses she made one or two startling revelations with regard to the choice of the film and the cast which I think I must place in record.
I do this with no disrespect to late Tissa whom I admire as an artist and a person unreservedly. Facts need to be documented though, for posterity.
Chandra was a close personal friend of Tissa and the Abeysekara family and a widow when she produced Viragaya. She had come to Australia in 1989 to settle her daughter while Viragaya was still running in Sri Lanka during the height of JVP insurrection. She never returned to Sri Lanka.
She was aware of all the allegations made against her. Being away from Sri Lanka, she never got the opportunity to defend her. In her absence and silence, in all issues the director’s version had prevailed unequivocally.
Sanath was Producer’s Pick for Aravinda
According to Chandra, her dream was to make an art film. Contrary to the popular belief and the director’s claim, the choice of the novel Viragaya as the film and Sanath Gunatilleka as Aravinda is hers- not Tissa’s. As the joint cast director she was adamant in picking specific actors for key roles including Sanath as Aravinda.
Initial discussions with Tissa had included revisiting an abandoned script on Viragaya which Tissa had written for Lester (J Peries)- a venture that never took off the ground. Once she had decided on filming Viragaya, Chandra had visited Tissa to discuss the production and the cast she had in her mind, particularly the make or break lead role of Aravinda. Chandra Mallawarachchi insists that when she decided on making the film on Viragaya her choice for Aravinda was always Sanath Gunatilleka (She had seen a specific frame in a commercial film Podi Ralahami starring Sanath and was convinced that Sanath with his charisma was the right choice). She confided that whilst reading the abandoned draft script, she pictured Sanath playing Aravinda’s role.
In the meantime Tissa on his own had already gone ahead and chosen Laxman Wijesekara for Aravinda and had got Laxman to commit to the role.
According to Chandra when she announced that Sanath Gunatilleka is her choice for Aravinda, Tissa was flabbergasted and had dismissed her sceptically saying that Sanath could never play that role."Monawa Aravindata Sanath?" was his first reaction. Tissa had argued that with his "defeatist" look Laxman was the right man. Having given reasons for her choice, Chandra had cajoled Tissa saying that he is the director capable of getting the best out of Sanath. She had threatened not to go ahead with the production without Sanath. Tissa had to agree as the producer was taking the risk.
Consequently when the role became a success due to Tissa’s exceptional directional skills and Sanath’s unprecedented commitment, Chandra never got credit for being the person behind making the choice. The producer out of courtesy never openly refuted the director’s claims either. Since 1989 the producer had been living in Australia anyway. While shooting, the director also had tried to cast Asanka Monarawila as Bathee on the grounds that Sabeetha Perera was busy making a commercial film in Pakistan. This was stopped by the producer’s intervention (quoting personal conversations with Chandra Mallawarachchi).
In Aug 2008 Laxman Wijesekara was in Sydney for a musical concert with Amarasiri Peiris and Pradeepa Dharmadasa at the Joan Sutherland Hall and I made it a point to go backstage and pose him the obvious question. He confirmed humbly with a smile: "Yes, Tissa Abeysekara had invited me to play the role of Aravinda"
Length of the Movie
On the length of the movie in spite of her repeated objections on the running time the director had written a (new) script and shot the film for 4 hrs, paying scant regard for production cost impacts or the obvious impracticality of screening a 4 hr long film. Having shot the film for 4 hours and dubbing it, the director pruned it down to 3 hrs 20 mins on his own. As a precondition for public screening the SFC had directed to curtail it by a further 10 mins. Tissa had obliged by taking out one or two scenes. A three and half hour show time (with intermission) was still excessive and theatre owners struggled to even run 3 shows a day during those troubled times. It is logical that the theatre owners were the culprits who had skipped reels willy-nilly to minimize the running time.
The film being an undoubted masterpiece was a candidate for overseas film festivals. The length of the movie had to be curtailed further in a bid to satisfy the festival entry requirements. With the help of the editor the film was carefully edited to 2 hrs 20 mins and subtitled. Main changes were in the elimination of the third generation scenes (with Vajira and Wimal played by Radha de Mel and Richard de Zoysa). This edited version too was considered excessive for the festival’s competitive section. The specially edited version (2 hrs 20 mins) with subtitles was prepared solely for the overseas film festivals and was never shown or intended to be shown in the Sri Lankan theatres then.