What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?

[J.M. Garg]

Dear members,
While browsing through Flora of Peninsular India, I generally found that Kerala is having so many endmics (including narrow endemics with distribution shown in only one place or district) compared to other states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka etc.

What can be the reason behind it ?

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

--
With regards,
J. M. Garg

[J.M. Garg]

--
With regards,
J. M. Garg

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Ponnutheerthagiri Santhan <ponsa...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug, 2021, 12:21 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15849] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Unique habitats like Agasthiyamala biosphere, silent valley, Anaimalai with evergreen forest. Another important thing is keen observation on the flora, several taxonomic experts also available in Kerala. Species present in the North east are also available here because of similar climatic conditions.

Thanks & regards

Dr. Santhan P

Industrial R&D expert, Plant taxonomist

Author of the Book "Trees of our Life" Botany, Chemistry, Medicine

9444813474/9620389349

On Sat, Aug 14, 2021 at 11:27 AM J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

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With regards,
J.M.Garg

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[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15933] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

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--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:03
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15933] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Thanks a lot, Santhosh ji.

You have explained the things so well. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

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With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:08
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15933] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

I somehow have the feeling that only one out of the 10 species published currently, may stand the scrutiny of time and remain as a valid species and not relegated as a synonym.  

I do not know how others feel about it. Hard core taxonomists may give a better estimate. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:03, J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks a lot, Santhosh ji.

You have explained the things so well. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--
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With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <santhos...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 14:00
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15936] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Yes GargJi, this is what I too felt nowadays 🤣

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 13:10 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

I somehow have the feeling that only one out of the 10 species published currently, may stand the scrutiny of time and remain as a valid species and not relegated as a synonym.  

I do not know how others feel about it. Hard core taxonomists may give a better estimate. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:03, J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks a lot, Santhosh ji.

You have explained the things so well. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

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With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

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With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Pankaj Kumar <sahani...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 14:05
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15937] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

In the past 10 years in Hong Kong, I have merged around 35 new and old species names into existing ones. Imagine, so much work to do. I already have a new list for my next publication. Achievement of a taxonomist is not just publishing new species but also correcting the existing ones.

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 16:30, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <santhos...@gmail.com> wrote:

Yes GargJi, this is what I too felt nowadays 🤣

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 13:10 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

I somehow have the feeling that only one out of the 10 species published currently, may stand the scrutiny of time and remain as a valid species and not relegated as a synonym.  

I do not know how others feel about it. Hard core taxonomists may give a better estimate. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:03, J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks a lot, Santhosh ji.

You have explained the things so well. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

Pankaj Kumar, Ph.D.
IUCN-SSC Orchid Specialist Group Asia

32, 2nd Floor, Shui Wo Tsuen, Lam Tsuen,

Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong S.A.R., China

email: sahani...@gmail.com
Phone: +852 9436 6251 (mobile)

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--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 14:11
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15937] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Thanks, Pankaj ji.

I also think that is much more important.

Revisionary studies with deep study of a genus with thousands of specimens and hundreds of original literatures/ publications, are much more important. 

It may certainly involve many many years of ones' productive life.  

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 14:05, Pankaj Kumar <sahani...@gmail.com> wrote:

In the past 10 years in Hong Kong, I have merged around 35 new and old species names into existing ones. Imagine, so much work to do. I already have a new list for my next publication. Achievement of a taxonomist is not just publishing new species but also correcting the existing ones.

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 16:30, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <santhos...@gmail.com> wrote:

Yes GargJi, this is what I too felt nowadays 🤣

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 13:10 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

I somehow have the feeling that only one out of the 10 species published currently, may stand the scrutiny of time and remain as a valid species and not relegated as a synonym.  

I do not know how others feel about it. Hard core taxonomists may give a better estimate. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:03, J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks a lot, Santhosh ji.

You have explained the things so well. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25
Subject: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: efloraofindia <indian...@googlegroups.com>

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

--
With regards,
J. M. Garg

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Pankaj Kumar <sahani...@gmail.com>

Date: Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 2:20 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15939] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Please also remember that this issue is not just in Indian plants. I see more in Chinese plants actually !!!

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

To view this discussion on the web, visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/itpmods/CA%2BiuSFB1vTbA87TuPc3Sh0gCo_VCS1HHPOWVhmoNojAjs%2BNg%2Bg%40mail.gmail.com.

--

Pankaj Kumar, Ph.D.
IUCN-SSC Orchid Specialist Group Asia

32, 2nd Floor, Shui Wo Tsuen, Lam Tsuen,

Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong S.A.R., China

email: sahani...@gmail.com
Phone: +852 9436 6251 (mobile)

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[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tapas Chakrabarty <tcha...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 17:08
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15940] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Enjoying the discussion!

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

To view this discussion on the web, visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/itpmods/CAKFjQVTjK-2eusXvgggKBDda4ebM7KTNcLJUQm%3DX8y0D9DSadw%40mail.gmail.com.

--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Nidhan Singh <nidhans...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 17:44
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15941] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Quite a learning through this post, and many angles have been presented through the experienced Botanists..

Of course, the habitat speciality is one aspect, but a thorough exploration of the region is to be given credit...

If a mapping or proportionation can be done w.r.t. number of active field workers available per unit land area, southern parts of our country may be well ahead, I think...

Thanks Garg Ji for this interesting query...

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--

With regards,
J.M.Garg

[J.M. Garg]

--
With regards,
J. M. Garg

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tapas Chakrabarty <tcha...@gmail.com>

Date: Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 8:10 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15940] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Cc: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

The amount of complicated montane forest ecosystems are probably higher there and they receive more rains also...Some other climatic and other factors may be responsible for this such as extensive explorations. However,  some recent mergers suggest that the actual number of taxa might be somewhat inflated!  

Thanking you. 

Tapas. 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 20:00 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks, Tapas ji,
Your are most experienced among us. What do you think?

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On Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 5:08 pm Tapas Chakrabarty, <tcha...@gmail.com> wrote:

Enjoying the discussion!

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021, 14:20 Pankaj Kumar, <sahani...@gmail.com> wrote:

Please also remember that this issue is not just in Indian plants. I see more in Chinese plants actually !!!

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 16:43, J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks, Pankaj ji.

I also think that is much more important.

Revisionary studies with deep study of a genus with thousands of specimens and hundreds of original literatures/ publications, are much more important. 

It may certainly involve many many years of ones' productive life.  

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 14:05, Pankaj Kumar <sahani...@gmail.com> wrote:

In the past 10 years in Hong Kong, I have merged around 35 new and old species names into existing ones. Imagine, so much work to do. I already have a new list for my next publication. Achievement of a taxonomist is not just publishing new species but also correcting the existing ones.

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 16:30, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <santhos...@gmail.com> wrote:

Yes GargJi, this is what I too felt nowadays 🤣

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 13:10 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

I somehow have the feeling that only one out of the 10 species published currently, may stand the scrutiny of time and remain as a valid species and not relegated as a synonym.  

I do not know how others feel about it. Hard core taxonomists may give a better estimate. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:03, J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks a lot, Santhosh ji.

You have explained the things so well. 

On Sun, 22 Aug 2021 at 13:00, Dr E S Santhosh Kumar <essantho...@gmail.com> wrote:

Dear friends,

The question " What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala? " raised by Gargji has several answers. The first reason has been very well explained by SanthanJi. Secondly, the flora of Kerala has been well explored and documented and every part of the state has been thoroughly explored and the important findings were published in time. There are certain exceptions that  a few new gen botanists described the already known species in many foreign journals as new species again. Sadly in several cases the reviewers never known about it. In the recent climatic change scenario, several ephemerals become annuals or biennials or even perennials through several perennating mechanism. Such species often mistakenly described new during recent times from Kerala. Genera such as Impatiens, Sonerila, Strobilanthes etc are having several species grow together in a biome often have a chance of exchange genes by  interbreeding between them. The F1 generation often having characters of both parents and also possessing certain unique characters of themselves. It is called Nothospecies. Such characters never having a chance of continue over generations. Some of the new gen botanists described such taxa as novelties to science. There are several hidden agenda behind it. Certain exotic species naturalized in Kerala years ago show several ecological traits also described novelties recently.   Unnecessary addition of fictitious novelties increased the number of endemics in Kerala. I have prepared a list of  such 'paper species', but wont like to publish in such a public forum. Let some experts in respective fields should tackle the issue.

Thanks

 

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021, 12:25 J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

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From: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 2021 at 11:25

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email: sahani...@gmail.com
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Pankaj Kumar, Ph.D.
IUCN-SSC Orchid Specialist Group Asia

32, 2nd Floor, Shui Wo Tsuen, Lam Tsuen,

Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong S.A.R., China

email: sahani...@gmail.com
Phone: +852 9436 6251 (mobile)

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Gurcharan Singh <sing...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 8:39 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15943] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>
Cc: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>

For me things are not that straightforward, comparing new species with endemics. A newly described species over a period of time may be discovered in neighbouring areas also, or merged with already known species from surrounding areas, it is only that author first describes it from a particular region. An endemic on the other hand may have arisen recently (through mutations, or crossing followed by duplication of chromosomes, since hybrids of most diploid species are sterile and perish very soon, unless maintained by vegetative means) and did not get get enough time to spread to similar surrounding areas (neoendemics), or widely spread once but getting restricted due to shrinking of their habitats (Palaeoendemics).  

Dr. Gurcharan Singh

Retired  Associate Professor
SGTB Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007
Res: 932 Anand Kunj, Vikas Puri, New Delhi-110018.

https://www.gurcharanfamily.com/

Enjoying the discussion!

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: D.S Rawat <drdsrawat...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 9:24 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15944] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>
Cc: J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com>

Garg Ji

I really appreciate your knowledge on Indian flora and its distribution. It was a fine and apt observation based inquiry on endemism in flora of Kerala.

See the number of taxa (mainly species) endemic to different states of India based on the document by Botanical Survey of India (Endemic Vascular Plants of India by Singh et al. 2015) below:

State	Narrow endemic Taxa (No)	State	Narrow endemic Taxa (No)
Tamil Nadu	410	Himachal Pradesh	28
Kerala  (38,683 km2) 1 species/108 km2	357	Uttar Pradesh	26
Maharashtra	278	West Bengal	23
Andaman Islands	201	Odisha	20
Arunachal Pradesh	183	Mizoram	16
Sikkim  (8586 km2) 1sp/54km2	160	Goa	14
Meghalaya	134	Rajasthan	14
Karnataka	130	Madhya Pradesh	12
Assam	87	Bihar	6
Jammu & Kashmir	82	Gujarat	6
Uttarakhand	81	Jharkhand	3
Nicobar Islands	77	Chattisgarh	1
Andhra Pradesh (undivided)	64	Punjab	1
Manipur	45	Tripura	1
Nagaland	35

Kerala state is located very close to the equator and lies in a tropical zone (zone located between 23.5⁰ north and south of equator) which is considered the richest zone for biodiversity. It is believed that in tropical zones life originated on earth and had maximum time to evolve and diversify with less catastrophic natural disturbances as compared to subtropical, temperate or arctic zones on earth. Here the temperature remains similar throughout the year so it is not a seasonal abundance of plants (as we see in subtropical or temperate zones where high diversity of plants can be seen in summer & rainy season), rather plants flourish throughout the year. In addition, tropics receive a higher amount of solar radiation which is the energy pool driving life on earth. More energy available leads to more productivity and more diversity. A large part of international biodiversity hot-spot “Western Ghats” lies in Kerala where we have a range of mountains clothed with rainforests and blessed with high rainfall. Wherever we have mountains, due to great variability of microhabitats, the diversity of life is high. The species which evolved in tropics were not able to spread in adjacent subtropics due to lack of their climatic requirements in subtropics. The species which evolved in a specific set of microhabitats in tropical mountains remained there as such microhabitats were not available in subtropical mountains.

However, the answer is not so simple and phytogeographers (scientists who study distribution of plants) or ecologists have proposed many theories for richness of biodiversity in world tropics.

This is a useful reading- https://www.ecologycenter.us/tropical-forests/theories-to-explain-high-diversity-in-the-tropics.html

In my opinion (off-course with over-simplification) being located in the tropics, having Western Ghat mountains, a lot of rainfall throughout the year and ample exploratory work Kerala has a high number of species and endemic elements.

New species described may get merged into older species with revisionary works but still there will be a large number of species and endemics in flora of Kerala as compared to many Indian states.

In India, as per the information in the above table, Sikkim with just 8586 km² area has high endemisms- one endemic species for every 54 km² while Kerala has one endemic species for every 108 km².

The last word- answer is not simple and there are many known (and also unknown) reasons behind high diversity and endemism in Kerala.

DSRawat, Pantnagar

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr D.S. Rawat

Department of Biological Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar-263 145 Uttarakhand, INDIA

eflorapantnagar displaying wild flora of Pantnagar

Enjoying the discussion!

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Vijayasankar <vijay.b...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 10:48 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15947] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Good question Garg ji!

As one of the major biodiversity hotspots of India, the Western Ghats harbors a great species diversity with a high number of endemics. Also, thanks to the active fieldwork and special documentation and exploration programs, many new species are being discovered from previously under- and un-explored areas.

That said, there are concerns as discussed earlier. Another concern is that there is no clear-cut definition of delimiting characters that qualify a new species. Of the two kinds of botanists, the lumpers and splitters, the latter kind mainly contributes to the inflated number of new species. Of course there are exceptions. I documented more than 30 intra- and infra-specific variations from my PhD study area alone but plants with some of these documented variations (such as different flower color, leaf shape) have been recently described as new species by folks even working in reputed institutions. There is a tremendous interest among botanists to publish new taxa. This is fueled in part by the current job offer and promotion settings that credit and support quantity rather than the quality of research publications. 

The review and publication process must be strengthened and made transparent. Every journal should require sufficient proof and authenticity of the Type specimens. There are so many predatory journals that publish anything if the processing fee is paid. Young researchers should be made aware of these and papers published in these journals should not be considered when it comes to job offers or promotions. Also, we need many revisioners, and while revising a genus or family the botanists should consider and use the data from various fields of botany such as morphology, anatomy, palynology, photochemistry and molecular biology, with collaborations from international experts.

Vijayasankar

---------------------------------------
Vijayasankar Raman, Ph.D.
Sr. Research Scientist
University of Mississippi, USA

On Sun, Aug 22, 2021 at 11:01 AM J.M. Garg <jmg...@gmail.com> wrote:

Thanks a lot, Tapas ji, Singh ji and Rawat ji, for the detailed explainations.

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Enjoying the discussion!

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tapas Chakrabarty <tcha...@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Aug, 2021, 11:55 pm
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15948] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Vijayasankar ji,

You have spelled out the hard truth and I agree with your views on the current scenario.

Enjoying the discussion!

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Giby Kuriakose <giby.ku...@shcollege.ac.in>
Date: Mon, 23 Aug, 2021, 12:19 am
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15949] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Thank you all for such a valid discussion.

Thank you Garg ji for opening this discussion.

I feel that many of the reasons or answers for the question are already covered in previous mails.

I have a few more things to discuss.

Myers et al. (2000) and Mittermier et al. (2011) and several others have explained multidimensional aspects of species endemism.

I am attaching these papers herewith for your perusal.

Few (more) reasons for Kerala having high endemism are:

• Habitat heterogeneity
• High frequency of ecotones
  
• Micro -habitat and -climate variations.
  
• Reduced number of dry months.
  
• Geographical characters (for eg. Westward facing geography that is beneficial in getting/tapping maximum light).
  
• Diverse edaphic features.
• The Total geographical area is smaller, resulting in smaller habitats. This might enhance genetic drift as smaller populations help drift and fixation faster.

There may be other reasons too.

Thanks Vijaysankar ji for speaking some eye openers.

You are absolutely right even ecotypes and ecads are also treated to be species discoveries.

I have seen several colour and size variations in the same individual plants (of several species) across years during my phenology observations.

Further, if a plant flowers in a different season, it may show some variations.

This might be related to variation in the climate or local micro habitat characteristics.

As Dr. Vijayasankar mentioned, habitat variation is a general fact for tropical parts of the world, which is proved by several studies. Most such studies are from elsewhere, unfortunately, there are not many studies from our regions.

Kerala is blessed with several taxonomists across various time periods and we have few institutes and centres dedicated for taxonomy.

Several species have been published with only one sighting and the majority of these new species do not have any further references in any later studies or inventories.

No further evaluation, observation, or sightings about the majority of the newly published 'species'.

Further, as Vijayasankar rightly pointed out, there are no set standards to call a plant a new species.

Thanks and Regards,

Giby

Enjoying the discussion!

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GIBY KURIAKOSE PhD
Assistant Professor and Research Guide,

PG and Research Department of Botany
Sacred Heart College  (Autonomous), Thevara
Kochi, Kerala, India  682 013

Phone - +914844044436 (office) +919947109987 (Mobile)

http://gibykuriakose.shcollege.ac.in/

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tapas Chakrabarty <tcha...@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Aug, 2021, 2:43 am
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15950] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

As regards parameters of determining a new species, this procedure cannot be standardized at all. I wrote these lines somewhere:

Only an experienced taxonomist expertising on a particular group can give a sound judgement on delimitation. From numerical taxonomy, through cladistics we are now in the era of molecular phylogenetics. Therefore, the conclusions on morphological (both external and internal) should now be corroborated with molecular studies. The delimiting characters vary from group to group, e.g. a single inflorescence type delimits the family Compositae but a combination of characters determine some others.  Only an expert/monographer rather than a random taxonomist/floristics worker can give a sound judgement. Moreover, you cannot standardize the taxonomic characters through mathematical formulae and statistical analysis and apply them for delimitation for stabilizing the nomenclature. You must depend on expert opinion only for delimitation of genera and infrageneric taxa.

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Tapas Chakrabarty <tcha...@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Aug, 2021, 3:05 am
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15951] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

My comments may kindly be taken as a pure scientific discussion. I apologise if I have hurt sentiments of someone by using some harsh words. In fact we are noticing random new descriptions by some persons in each and every group. The Plant Discoveries published by BSI is documenting such publications in India but there is no comprehensive publication consolidating the nomenclatural changes including mergers in Indian perspective. POWO, to some extent, tries to keep the nomenclature up to date in relation to IPNI but it has own limitations. So, we at eFI should try to keep our database most up to date, as far as possible. This will further enhance the grandeur of the group.

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[J.M. Garg]

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---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Lalithamba Avadhanam <alali...@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Aug, 2021, 6:33 am
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15952] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

Last year I had an opportunity to talk to Prof. Mats Thulin of Uppasala Universty, while discussing of Boswellia ovalifoliolata, he said if it is a true endemic, there must be some other endemic species in the area, then it will not be in association with common species of the area; it is true, in A.P. Seshachalam and Velugonda hills harbours majority of endemics of the state; B.serrata and B.Ovalifolialata are never seen in same vicinity. 

thank you for enlightenment and provide a chance to express my observations.

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From: Pankaj Kumar <sahani...@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Aug, 2021, 9:00 am
Subject: Re: [itpmods:15953] Fwd: What is the secret behind so many endemic species in Kerala ?
To: itpmods <itp...@googlegroups.com>

There are two aspects of this discussion here:

1. Taxonomy and new species: One of our valued members said that it needs good expertise to publish a new species and only experienced taxonomists can give a sound judgement. I actually think the opposite of this. Only a good taxonomist can do good taxonomy- I agree. But only a good taxonomist misuses taxonomy to publish such silly new species. People who have no idea about taxonomy cannot publish a taxonomic paper.

2. The diversity in Western Ghats: Undoubtedly, western ghats has high diversity and with respect to Kerala, looking at the terrain and precipitation patterns there is very high habitat heterogeneity too. Hence the chances of finding interesting diverse group of plants are higher.

Just my personal thoughts.

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