Mansur Et Al. 1986

[Jeanett Fite]

Bornin 1986, Motesem Mansur is an artist who likes to draw from fantasy. He began his art career in 2006, creating castles and Medieval drawings. Today, he resides in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, making Chicago neighborhood-inspired artwork.

The aim of this research was to determine the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreens emulsions containing chemical and physical sunscreens by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Ten different commercially available samples of sunscreen emulsions of various manufactures were evaluated. The SPF labeled values were in the range of 8 to 30. The SPF values of the 30% of the analyzed samples are in close agreement with the labeled SPF, 30% presented SPF values above the labeled amount and 40% presented SPF values under the labeled amount. The proposed spectrophotometric method is simple and rapid for the in vitro determination of SPF values of sunscreens emulsions.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o Fator de Proteo Solar (FPS) de emulses contendo filtros solares fsicos e qumicos por espectrofotometria no ultravioleta. Foram analisadas dez amostras comerciais de emulses de diferentes fabricantes. Os valores de FPS rotulados foram na faixa de 8 a 30. Das emulses analisadas, 30% apresentaram valores de FPS prximos do valor rotulado, 30% apresentaram valores acima e 40% apresentaram valores abaixo do valor rotulado. O mtodo espectrofotomtrico proposto simples e rpido para determinao preliminar in vitro do FPS de emulses protetoras solar.

The rapid growth of commercially available products containing sunscreens indicates that even though a suntan is still desired, people are conscious of the possible dangers of photoaging and skin cancer, occurring as a result of sun overexposure.

Every year, about one million people are diagnosed with skin cancer and about 10.000 die from malignant melanoma. Most skin cancer occurs on the areas of the body that are most frequently exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, head and back of the hands (SAX, 2000).

The harmful effects of solar radiation are caused predominantly by the ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which can be divided into three regions: UVA, from 320 to 400 nm; UVB, from 290 to 320 nm and UVC, from 200 to 290 nm. UVC radiation is filtered by the atmosphere before reaching earth. UVB radiation is not completely filtered out by the ozone layer and is responsible for the damage due to sunburn. UVA radiation reaches the deeper layers of the epidermis and dermis and provokes the premature aging of the skin. Ultraviolet radiations have been implicated as a causative factor of skin cancer.

The regular use of these products may help to reduce the chance of the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. However, it is necessary that a very efficient sunscreen substance is used in the cosmetic formulation.

The efficacy of a sunscreen is usually expressed by the sun protection factor (SPF), which is defined as the UV energy required to produce a minimal erythema dose (MED) on protected skin, divided by the UV energy required to produce a MED on unprotected skin (Equation 1):

The photoprotection afforded by topical sunscreens against solar ultraviolet radiation exposure can be determined in vivo or in vitro, and it is ideally determined by phototesting in human volunteers. This type of determination has been used for many years and although useful and precise, is a time consuming process, complex and expensive, particularly when information concerning to the protection against long wavelength (UVA) is required (Azevedo et al., 1999; Gasparro et al., 1998). As a consequence, much effort has been devoted to the development of in vitro techniques for assessing the photoprotection of sunscreen compounds.

The aim of this research was to determine the SPF values of sunscreens emulsions containing chemical and physical sunscreens by UV spectrophotometry applying Mansur mathematical equation (Equation 2).

1.0 g of all samples was weighed, transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask, diluted to volume with ethanol, followed by ultrasonication for 5 min and then filtered through cotton, rejecting the ten first mL. A 5.0 mL aliquot was transferred to 50 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with ethanol. Then a 5.0 mL aliquot was transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask and the volume completed with ethanol.

The absorption spectra of samples in solution were obtained in the range of 290 to 450 nm using 1 cm quartz cell, and ethanol as a blank. The absorption data were obtained in the range of 290 to 320, every 5 nm, and 3 determinations were made at each point, followed by the application of Mansur equation.

The SPF is a quantitative measurement of the effectiveness of a sunscreen formulation. To be effective in preventing sunburn and other skin damage, a sunscreen product should have a wide range of absorbance between 290 and 400 nm. Evaluation of the efficiency of a sunscreen formulation has for a long time been assessed through in vivo test, which is performed with human volunteers. In vivo test is time- consuming, is normally subject to certain degree of variability, not mention the ethical problems of testing with human. The in vitro SPF is useful for screening test during product development, as a supplement of the in vivo SPS measure.

In this research ten different commercially available sunscreen products were evaluated by UV spectrophotometry applying Mansur mathematical equation (Mansur et al., 1986). The SPF labeled values were in the range of 8 to 30. These products and SPF values of samples obtained using the UV spectrophotometric method were shown in Table II. It can be observed that the SPF values found for samples B, C and D are in close agreement with the labeled SPF. Samples A, E and F presented SPF values above the labeled amount. All other samples presented SPF values under the labeled amount.

Among samples analyzed, sample H exhibits a maximal absorbance higher than all samples with known amounts of sunscreens, as it can be observed in Table II. This is provably due to the fact that sample H has a total amount of sunscreen substance higher than the other samples, presenting thus, a SPF higher than the calculated.

Samples D and G present the same SPF values labeled (SPF= 15.0). They present the same sunscreens, but at different concentrations. Sample G has less total amount of sunscreens than sample D, what was reflected in the obtained SPF values. Sample G presented a calculated SPF value smaller than the one of sample D.

Data variation can be due to the use of non validated spectrophotometric methodology being used for determination of the absorption characteristics of the sunscreens agents. However, there are many factors affecting the determination of SPF values, as for example, the use of different solvents in which the sunscreens are dissolved; the combination and concentration of the sunscreens; the type of emulsion; the effects and interactions of vehicle components, such as esters, emollients and emulsifiers used in the formulation; the interaction of the vehicle with the skin; the addition of other active ingredients; the pH system and the emulsion rheological properties, among other factors, which can increase or decrease UV absorption of each sunscreen. The effect that different solvents and emollients have upon the wavelenght of maximum absorbance and upon the UV absorbance of several sunscreens chemical, alone or in combination is well known and documented (Riegelman et al.,1960; Agrapidis-Paloympis et al., 1987). Excipients and other active ingredients can also produce UV absorption bands, thus interfering with those of UVA and UVB sunscreen. This effect is reflected in a finished formulation, especially for lotions with an SPF greater than 15. The effect of a solvent is only realized at high percentages. According to Pissavini et al. (2003), a high SPF values are more difficult to measure. A high SPF normally leads to a greater uncertainty also in the final in vivo result, due to the biological variations of the volunteers.

Therefore, to develop sunscreens with better safety and high SPF, the formulator must understand the physico-chemical principle, not only the UV absorbance of the actives, but also vehicle components, such as esters, emollients and emulsifiers used in the formulation, since sunscreens can interact with other components of the vehicle, and these interactions can affect sunscreens efficacy.

The proposed UV spectrophotometric method is simple, rapid, employs low cost reagents and can be used in the in vitro determination of SPF values in many cosmetic formulations. The proposed methodology may be useful as a rapid quality control method. It can be used during the production process, in the analysis of the final product, and can give important information before proceding to the in vivo tests.

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